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Drug overview for BUDESONIDE EC (budesonide):
Generic name: budesonide (bue-DES-oh-nide)
Drug class: Glucocorticosteroids
Therapeutic class: Gastrointestinal Therapy Agents
Budesonide is a synthetic, nonhalogenated corticosteroid that has potent glucocorticoid and weak mineralocorticoid activity.
Budesonide is used orally for the management of mild to moderate Crohn's disease. Budesonide is used by oral inhalation for the management of bronchial asthma. Budesonide in fixed combination with formoterol fumarate is used by oral inhalation for the treatment of asthma and also for maintenance treatment of airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), including chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
Generic name: budesonide (bue-DES-oh-nide)
Drug class: Glucocorticosteroids
Therapeutic class: Gastrointestinal Therapy Agents
Budesonide is a synthetic, nonhalogenated corticosteroid that has potent glucocorticoid and weak mineralocorticoid activity.
Budesonide is used orally for the management of mild to moderate Crohn's disease. Budesonide is used by oral inhalation for the management of bronchial asthma. Budesonide in fixed combination with formoterol fumarate is used by oral inhalation for the treatment of asthma and also for maintenance treatment of airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), including chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
DRUG IMAGES
BUDESONIDE DR 3 MG CAPSULE
The following indications for BUDESONIDE EC (budesonide) have been approved by the FDA:
Indications:
Crohn's disease
Professional Synonyms:
Regional enteritis
Regional ileocolitis
Indications:
Crohn's disease
Professional Synonyms:
Regional enteritis
Regional ileocolitis
The following dosing information is available for BUDESONIDE EC (budesonide):
No enhanced Dosing information available for this drug.
Budesonide is administered orally as delayed-release capsules. For oral inhalation, budesonide is available as an inhalation powder administered via an inhaler device (Flexhaler(R)), as a micronized suspension administered via nebulization, and as an inhalation aerosol containing budesonide in fixed combination with formoterol fumarate (Symbicort(R)) administered via an oral aerosol inhaler with hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) propellant. Patients receiving orally inhaled budesonide should rinse their mouth with water after each dose to remove residual drug in the oropharyngeal area and to minimize the development of fungal overgrowth and/or infection.
| DRUG LABEL | DOSING TYPE | DOSING INSTRUCTIONS |
|---|---|---|
| BUDESONIDE DR 3 MG CAPSULE | Maintenance | Adults take 3 capsules (9 mg) by oral route once daily in the morning for up to 8 weeks |
| DRUG LABEL | DOSING TYPE | DOSING INSTRUCTIONS |
|---|---|---|
| BUDESONIDE DR 3 MG CAPSULE | Maintenance | Adults take 3 capsules (9 mg) by oral route once daily in the morning for upto 8 weeks |
| BUDESONIDE EC 3 MG CAPSULE | Maintenance | Adults take 3 capsules (9 mg) by oral route once daily in the morning for upto 8 weeks |
The following drug interaction information is available for BUDESONIDE EC (budesonide):
There are 4 contraindications.
These drug combinations generally should not be dispensed or administered to the same patient. A manufacturer label warning that indicates the contraindication warrants inclusion of a drug combination in this category, regardless of clinical evidence or lack of clinical evidence to support the contraindication.
| Drug Interaction | Drug Names |
|---|---|
| Efalizumab; Natalizumab/Immunosuppressives; Immunomodulators SEVERITY LEVEL: 1-Contraindicated Drug Combination: This drug combination is contraindicated and generally should not be dispensed or administered to the same patient. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Natalizumab,(1-3) efalizumab,(4) immunosuppressives, and immunomodulators all suppress the immune system. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of natalizumab(1-3) or efalizumab(4) with immunosuppressives or immunomodulators may result in an increased risk of infections, including progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), an opportunistic infection caused by the JC virus (JCV). PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Previous JCV infection, longer duration of natalizumab treatment - especially if greater than 2 years, and prior or concomitant treatment with immunosuppressant medication are all independent risk factors which increase the risk for PML.(1,5) The FDA has estimated PML incidence stratified by risk factors: If anti-JCV antibody positive, no prior immunosuppressant use and natalizumab treatment less than 25 months, incidence <1/1,000. If anti-JCV antibody positive, history of prior immunosuppressant use and natalizumab treatment less than 25 months, incidence 2/1,000 If anti-JCV antibody positive, no prior immunosuppressant use and natalizumab treatment 25-48 months, incidence 4/1,000 If anti-JCV antibody positive, history of prior immunosuppressant use and natalizumab treatment 25-48 months, incidence 11/1,000. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The US manufacturer of natalizumab states patients with Crohn's disease should not receive concurrent immunosuppressants, with the exception of limited overlap of corticosteroids, due to the increased risk for PML. For new natalizumab patients currently receiving chronic oral corticosteroids for Crohn's Disease, begin corticosteroid taper when therapeutic response to natalizumab has occurred. If corticosteroids cannot be discontinued within six months of starting natalizumab, discontinue natalizumab.(3) The US manufacturer of natalizumab states that natalizumab should not ordinarily be used in multiple sclerosis patients receiving immunosuppressants or immunomodulators due to the increased risk for PML. Immunosuppressives include, but are not limited to azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine, mercaptopurine, methotrexate, mitoxantrone, mycophenolate, and corticosteroids.(3,6) The UK manufacturer of natalizumab states that concurrent use with immunosuppressives or antineoplastic agents is contraindicated.(1) The Canadian manufacturer of natalizumab states that natalizumab should not be used with immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory agents.(2) The US manufacturer of certolizumab states that concurrent therapy with natalizumab is not recommended.(7) DISCUSSION: Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy has been reported in patients receiving concurrent natalizumab were recently or concomitantly taking immunomodulators or immunosuppressants.(1-5,8,9) In a retrospective cohort study of multiple sclerosis patients newly initiated on a disease-modifying therapy, use of high-efficacy agents (alemtuzumab, natalizumab, or ocrelizumab) resulted in the same risk of overall infections as moderate-efficacy agents, but there was an elevated risk of serious infections (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 1.24, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.06-1.44) and UTIs (aHR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.14-1.30).(10) |
TYSABRI |
| Talimogene laherparepvec/Selected Immunosuppressants SEVERITY LEVEL: 1-Contraindicated Drug Combination: This drug combination is contraindicated and generally should not be dispensed or administered to the same patient. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Talimogene laherparepvec is a live, attenuated herpes simplex virus.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of talimogene laherparepvec in patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy may cause a life-threatening disseminated herpetic infection.(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Talimogene laherparepvec is contraindicated in immunosuppressed patients.(1) The magnitude of immunocompromise and associated risks due to immunosuppressant drugs should be determined by a physician. DISCUSSION: Concurrent use of talimogene laherparepvec in patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy may cause a life-threatening disseminated herpetic infection.(1) |
IMLYGIC |
| Desmopressin/Glucocorticoids SEVERITY LEVEL: 1-Contraindicated Drug Combination: This drug combination is contraindicated and generally should not be dispensed or administered to the same patient. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Glucocorticoids increase the risk of hyponatremia.(1-4) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of glucocorticoids may increase the risk of hyponatremia with desmopressin.(1-4) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Predisposing factors for hyponatremia include: polydipsia, renal impairment (eGFR < 50 ml/min/1.73m2), illnesses that can cause fluid/electrolyte imbalances, age >=65, medications that cause water retention and/or increase the risk of hyponatremia (carbamazepine, chlorpromazine, lamotrigine, loop diuretics, NSAIDs, opioids, SSRIs, thiazide diuretics, and/or tricyclic antidepressants). PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The concurrent use of systemic or inhaled glucocorticoids with desmopressin is contraindicated.(1-4) Desmopressin may be initiated 3 days or 5 half-lives after glucocorticoid discontinuation, whichever is longer. If concurrent use is deemed medically necessary, make sure serum sodium levels are normal before beginning therapy and consider using the desmopressin nasal 0.83 mcg dose. Consider measuring serum sodium levels more frequently than the recommended intervals of: within 7 days of concurrent therapy initiation, one month after concurrent therapy initiation and periodically during treatment. Counsel patients to report symptoms of hyponatremia, which may include: headache, nausea/vomiting, feeling restless, fatigue, drowsiness, dizziness, muscle cramps, changes in mental state (confusion, decreased awareness/alertness), seizures, coma, and trouble breathing. Counsel patients to limit the amount of fluids they drink in the evening and night-time and to stop taking desmopressin if they develop a stomach/intestinal virus with nausea/vomiting or any nose problems (blockage, stuffy/runny nose, drainage).(1) DISCUSSION: In clinical trials of desmopressin for the treatment of nocturia, 4 of 5 patients who developed severe hyponatremia (serum sodium <= 125 mmol/L) were taking systemic or inhaled glucocorticoids. Three of these patients were also taking NSAIDs and one was receiving a thiazide diuretic.(2) Drugs associated with hyponatremia may increase the risk, including loop diuretics, carbamazepine, chlorpromazine, glucocorticoids, lamotrigine, NSAIDs, opioids, SSRIs, thiazide diuretics, and/or tricyclic antidepressants.(1,3-4) |
DDAVP, DESMOPRESSIN ACETATE, NOCDURNA |
| Nadofaragene Firadenovec/Selected Immunosuppressants SEVERITY LEVEL: 1-Contraindicated Drug Combination: This drug combination is contraindicated and generally should not be dispensed or administered to the same patient. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Nadofaragene firadenovec may contain low levels of replication-competent adenovirus.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of nadofaragene firadenovec in patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy may cause disseminated adenovirus infection.(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Individuals who are immunosuppressed or immune-deficient should not receive nadofaragene firadenovec.(1) DISCUSSION: Nadofaragene firadenovec is a non-replicating adenoviral vector-based gene therapy but may contain low levels of replication-competent adenovirus. Immunocompromised persons, including those receiving immunosuppressant therapy, may be at risk for disseminated adenovirus infection.(1) |
ADSTILADRIN |
There are 25 severe interactions.
These drug interactions can produce serious consequences in most patients. Actions required for severe interactions include, but are not limited to, discontinuing one or both agents, adjusting dosage, altering administration scheduling, and providing additional patient monitoring. Review the full interaction monograph for more information.
| Drug Interaction | Drug Names |
|---|---|
| Selected Anticholinesterase/Corticosteroids SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: The mechanism of this interaction is unknown. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of these agents may contribute to increased muscle weakness and decreased response to anticholinesterases shortly after onset of corticosteroid therapy in the treatment of myasthenia gravis. Deterioration in muscle strength, including severe muscular depression, has been documented in patients with myasthenia gravis while receiving corticosteroids and anticholinesterases. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: If possible, hold anticholinesterase agents at least 24 hours before initiating corticosteroid therapy. If concurrent use is necessary, close observation of the patient is indicated and life support systems should be available. DISCUSSION: Decreased effectiveness of anticholinesterases during the period of corticosteroid-induced increased weakness probably reflects a temporary increase in the severity of the disease process itself rather than a specific, direct interaction between the two drugs. Despite the initial adverse effect, glucocorticoid (or ACTH) therapy subsequently produces improvement, beyond pre-therapy muscle strength, in most myasthenia gravis patients. In an uncontrolled study involving nine patients receiving therapeutic doses of pyridostigmine, the concurrent administration of methylprednisolone resulted in a decrease in muscle strength in 71% of treatment courses. During 57% of treatment courses, severe muscle weakness occurred, necessitating mechanical ventilation. Improvement in muscle strength and response to pyridostigmine above baseline levels occurred after methylprednisolone was discontinued. Other clinical observations have indicated that the concomitant use of these agents can affect muscle strength, although each agent alone has been used successfully in treating myasthenia gravis. |
ANTICHOLIUM, BLOXIVERZ, DEMECARIUM BROMIDE, EDROPHONIUM CHLORIDE, MESTINON, NEOSTIGMINE METHYLSULFATE, NEOSTIGMINE-STERILE WATER, PREVDUO, PYRIDOSTIGMINE BROMIDE, PYRIDOSTIGMINE BROMIDE ER, REGONOL |
| Mifepristone/Corticosteroids SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Mifepristone is an antagonist of the progesterone and glucocorticoid (GR-II) receptors, but has little effect at the mineralocorticoid (GR-I) receptor. Mifepristone has a higher affinity for the glucocorticoid receptor than either dexamethasone or cortisol and will displace both endogenous and exogenous glucocorticoids from their binding sites. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Although serum cortisol levels rise, antagonism of the glucocorticoid receptor may lead to adrenal insufficiency. Efficacy of locally administered corticosteroids may be diminished. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The manufacturers of mifepristone states that mifepristone is contraindicated in patients receiving concurrent long-term corticosteroid therapy.(1-2) Due to its long mean half-life of 85 hours(2), even short term mifepristone use may have an extended duration of effect. DISCUSSION: The manufacturers of mifepristone states that mifepristone is contraindicated in patients receiving concurrent long-term corticosteroid therapy.(1-2) |
KORLYM, MIFEPREX, MIFEPRISTONE |
| Aldesleukin/Glucocorticoids SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Corticosteroids may suppress interleukin-2-induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF) synthesis.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of corticosteroids may reduce the antitumor effectiveness of aldesleukin.(2) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The manufacturer of aldesleukin states that concurrent administration of corticosteroids and aldesleukin should be avoided.(2) DISCUSSION: Corticosteroids have been shown to reduce aldesleukin-related side effects such as fever, renal insufficiency, hyperbilirubinemia, confusion, and dyspnea.(1,2) However, dexamethasone has been shown to reduce aldesleukin-induced TNF synthesis.(1) |
PROLEUKIN |
| Selected Steroids/Antiretroviral CYP3A4 Inhibitors SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Antiretroviral CYP3A4 inhibitors may inhibit the metabolism of corticosteroids metabolized by CYP3A4. Dexamethasone may induce metabolism of agents that are substrates of CYP3A4.(1-13,50) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of antiretroviral CYP3A4 inhibitors may result in increased systemic exposure to and effects from corticosteroids metabolized by CYP3A4, including Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression. Concurrent dexamethasone may result in decreased levels and effectiveness of CYP3A4 substrates. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: If possible, avoid concurrent therapy of betamethasone, budesonide, ciclesonide, fluticasone, dexamethasone, methylprednisolone, or triamcinolone with antiretroviral CYP3A4 inhibitors. Alternative corticosteroids that are less affected by CYP3A4 inhibitors should be considered, like beclomethasone, prednisone, and prednisolone. If concurrent therapy is warranted, patients should be closely monitored for systemic effects. The corticosteroid may need to be discontinued. Patients receiving concurrent therapy with dexamethasone and substrates of CYP3A4 should also be monitored for decreased effectiveness of the CYP3A4 substrate. The manufacturers of nasal fluticasone(14-16) and fluticasone for inhalation(17) state that concurrent use of fluticasone and atazanavir, indinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir or saquinavir is not recommended. The US manufacturers of atazanavir,(1) fosamprenavir,(5) indinavir(6) and nelfinavir(8) recommend caution with concurrent use of inhaled or nasal fluticasone. Consider alternatives to fluticasone if long-term use is required. DISCUSSION: In a study, boceprevir (800 mg TID for 7 days) increased the area-under-curve (AUC) of a single dose of prednisone (40 mg) by 22%. The maximum concentration (Cmax) and AUC of prednisolone increased by 16% and 37%, respectively.(2) A study of 14 healthy adults found that concurrent use of ketoconazole with ciclesonide increased the AUC of ciclesonide's active metabolite, des-ciclesonide, by approximately 3.6-fold at steady state, while levels of ciclesonide remained unchanged. However, the study concluded that no dosage adjustments were required because ciclesonide has a very low potential to cause side effects.(18) A study in 18 healthy subjects examined the effects of ritonavir (100 mg twice daily) on fluticasone nasal spray (200 mcg daily). In most subjects, fluticasone was undetectable (<10 pg/ml) when administered alone. In subjects in whom fluticasone was detectable when given alone, Cmax and area-under-curve AUC averaged 11.9 pg/ml and 8.43 pg x hr/ml, respectively. With concurrent ritonavir, fluticasone Cmax and AUC increased to 318 pg/ml and 3102.6 pg x hr/ml, respectively.(7,11,14) This reflects increases in Cmax and AUC by 25-fold and 350-fold, respectively.(3) The cortisol AUC decreased by 86%.(6,14-16) In a study in 10 healthy subjects, ritonavir (200 mg twice daily for 4 and 14 days) increased the AUC of a single dose of prednisolone by 1.41-fold and 1.30-fold, respectively, after 4 days and 14 days of ritonavir.(19) There have been several case reports of Cushing's syndrome in patients treated concurrently with ritonavir and inhaled budesonide,(19-20) dexamethasone,(22) injectable triamcinolone,(23-26) nasal fluticasone.(28-46) Hepatitis has also been reported with concurrent budesonide and ritonavir.(47) In a study in 9 healthy subjects, mibefradil (50 mg once daily for 3 days) increased the AUC, Cmax, and elimination half-life of methylprednisolone by 3.8-fold, 1.8-fold, and 2.7-fold, respectively.(48) In a study in 8 healthy subjects, following nefazodone administration the following changes were seen with methylprednisolone: mean (+/-SD) area under the concentration-time curve was significantly higher (1393 +/- 343 vs. 2966 +/- 928 ug*h/L; P < 0.005), apparent clearance was lower (28.7 +/- 7.2 vs. 14.6 +/- 7.8 L/h; P < 0.02) and the terminal elimination half-life was longer (2.28 +/- 0.49 vs. 3.32 +/- 0.95 hours; P < 0.02).(49) Selected steroids linked to this monograph include: betamethasone, budesonide, ciclesonide, dexamethasone, fluticasone, methylprednisolone, and triamcinolone.(50) Selected CYP3A4 inhibitors and substrates linked to this monograph include: atazanavir, cobicistat, darunavir, fosamprenavir, indinavir, lenacapavir, lopinavir, nelfinavir, saquinavir, and tipranavir.(50) |
APTIVUS, ATAZANAVIR SULFATE, DARUNAVIR, EVOTAZ, FOSAMPRENAVIR CALCIUM, GENVOYA, KALETRA, LOPINAVIR-RITONAVIR, PREZCOBIX, PREZISTA, REYATAZ, STRIBILD, SUNLENCA, SYMTUZA, TYBOST, VIRACEPT |
| Systemic Corticosteroids; Corticotropin (ACTH)/Live Vaccines SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Corticosteroids and corticotropin suppress the immune system. In severely immunocompromised patients, virus replication after administration of live, attenuated-virus vaccines can be enhanced and/or the immune response to the vaccine may be decreased.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: The expected serum antibody response may not be obtained and/or the vaccine may result in illness.(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Patients receiving immunosuppressive doses of corticosteroids or corticotropin for equal to or greater than 14 consecutive days.(1) PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The Centers for Disease Control's (CDC) Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) states that live-virus and live, attenuated vaccines should not be administered to patients who are severely immunosuppressed, including those who are receiving or have received high-dose, systemic steroids for greater than or equal to 14 consecutive days. Live vaccines should be deferred for at least 1 month after discontinuation of high-dose systemic steroids administered for 14 consecutive days. When initiating immunosuppressives doses of corticosteroids, wait 4 weeks after a live vaccines is administered. However, if patients require therapy for chronic inflammatory conditions, do not delay therapy due to past vaccines. Patients who are vaccinated within the 14 days prior to initiating immunosuppressive therapy should be considered unvaccinated and should be revaccinated at least 3 months after immunosuppressive therapy is discontinued.(1) The US manufacturer of corticotropin(2) and triamcinolone(3) and the Australian manufacturer of dexamethasone(4) state that administration of live or live-attenuated vaccines is contraindicated in patients receiving immunosuppressive doses of corticosteroids or corticotropin. The manufacturer of deflazacort states that live or live-attenuated vaccines should be administered at least 4 to 6 weeks prior to initiation of therapy with deflazacort.(5) DISCUSSION: Many clinicians consider a dose equivalent to either 2 mg/kg of body weight or a total of 20 mg/day of prednisone as sufficiently immunosuppressive to raise safety concerns about live-virus vaccines.(1) Immunization procedures may be undertaken in patients receiving corticosteroids when the therapy is short term (less than 2 weeks); low to moderate dose; long-term, alternate-day treatment with short-acting preparations; maintenance physiologic doses (replacement therapy); or administered topically (skin or eyes), by aerosol, or by intra-articular, bursal, or tendon injection.(1) Killed or inactivated vaccines do not pose a danger to immunocompromised patients.(1) |
ACAM2000 (NATIONAL STOCKPILE), ADENOVIRUS TYPE 4, ADENOVIRUS TYPE 4 AND TYPE 7, ADENOVIRUS TYPE 7, BCG (TICE STRAIN), BCG VACCINE (TICE STRAIN), DENGVAXIA, ERVEBO (NATIONAL STOCKPILE), FLUMIST TRIVALENT 2024-2025, IXCHIQ, M-M-R II VACCINE, PRIORIX, PROQUAD, ROTARIX, ROTATEQ, STAMARIL, VARIVAX VACCINE, VAXCHORA ACTIVE COMPONENT, VAXCHORA VACCINE, VIVOTIF, YF-VAX |
| Amphotericin B/Corticosteroids; Corticotropin (ACTH) SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Corticosteroids and corticotropin may potentiate potassium excretion and overload salt and water retention.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of amphotericin b with corticosteroids or corticotropin may potentiate amphotericin b-induced hypokalemia, thereby predisposing patients to cardiac dysfunction.(1-2) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The US manufacturer of amphotericin b states that concurrent use of corticosteroids or corticotropin should be avoided unless absolutely necessary to avoid side effects. If concurrent use is necessary, serum electrolytes and cardiac function must be monitored closely.(1) DISCUSSION: There are four case reports of cardiac enlargement, hypokalemia, and hypernatremia from concurrent use of amphotericin b and corticosteroids.(2) |
ABELCET, AMBISOME, AMPHOTERICIN B, AMPHOTERICIN B LIPOSOME |
| Radioactive Iodide/Agents that Affect Iodide SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Many compounds can affect iodide protein binding and alter iodide pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Compounds that affect iodide pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics may impact the effectiveness of radioactive iodide.(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Compounds that affect iodide pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are expected to have the most impact during therapy using radioactive iodide. Diagnostic procedures would be expected to be impacted less. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Discuss the use of agents that affect iodide pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics with the patient's oncologist.(1) Because indocyanine green contains sodium iodide, the iodine-binding capacity of thyroid tissue may be reduced for at least one week following administration. Do not perform radioactive iodine uptake studies for at least one week following administration of indocyanine green.(2) The manufacturer of iopamidol states administration may interfere with thyroid uptake of radioactive iodine and decrease therapeutic and diagnostic efficacy. Avoid thyroid therapy or testing for up to 6 weeks post administration of iopamidol.(3) DISCUSSION: Many agents interact with radioactive iodine. The average duration of effect is: anticoagulants - 1 week antihistamines - 1 week anti-thyroid drugs, e.g: carbimazole, methimazole, propylthiouracil - 3-5 days corticosteroids - 1 week iodide-containing medications, e.g: amiodarone - 1-6 months expectorants - 2 weeks Lugol solution - 3 weeks saturated solution of potassium iodine - 3 weeks vitamins - 10-14 days iodide-containing X-ray contrast agents - up to 1 year lithium - 4 weeks phenylbutazone - 1-2 weeks sulfonamides - 1 week thyroid hormones (natural or synthetic), e.g.: thyroxine - 4 weeks tri-iodothyronine - 2 weeks tolbutamide - 1 week topical iodide - 1-9 months (1) |
ADREVIEW, JEANATOPE, MEGATOPE, SODIUM IODIDE I-123 |
| Tofacitinib/Immunosuppressives; Immunomodulators SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Concurrent use of tofacitinib and azathioprine, other biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), or potent immunosuppressants may result in additive or synergistic effects on the immune system.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of tofacitinib and azathioprine, other biologic DMARDs, or potent immunosuppressants use may increase the risk of serious infections.(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Tofacitinib should not be used concurrently with azathioprine, other biologic DMARDs, or cyclosporine.(1) Patient should be monitored for decreases in lymphocytes and neutrophils. Therapy should be adjusted based on the indication. - For all indications: If absolute neutrophil count (ANC) or lymphocyte count is less than 500 cells/mm3, discontinue tofacitinib. - For rheumatoid arthritis or psoriatic arthritis and absolute neutrophil count (ANC) 500 to 1000 cells/mm3: interrupt dosing. When ANC is greater than 1000 cells/mm3, resume Xeljanz 5 mg twice daily or Xeljanz XR 11 mg once daily. - For ulcerative colitis and ANC 500 to 1000 cells/mm3: -If taking Xeljanz 10 mg twice daily, decrease to 5 mg twice daily. When ANC is greater than 1000 cells/mm3, increase to 10 mg twice daily based on clinical response. -If taking Xeljanz 5 mg twice daily, interrupt dosing. When ANC is greater than 1000 cells/mm3, resume 5 mg twice daily. -If taking Xeljanz XR 22 mg once daily, decrease to 11 mg once daily. When ANC is greater than 1000 cells/mm3, increase to 22 mg once daily based on clinical response. -If taking Xeljanz XR 11 mg once daily, interrupt dosing. When ANC is greater than 1000 cells/mm3, resume 11 mg once daily. - For polyarticular course juvenile idiopathic arthritis (pcJIA) and ANC 500 to 1000 cells/mm3: interrupt dosing until ANC is greater than 1000 cells/mm3.(1) DISCUSSION: Concurrent use of tofacitinib and azathioprine, other biologic DMARDs, or potent immunosuppressants may increase the risk of infection.(1) |
TOFACITINIB CITRATE, XELJANZ, XELJANZ XR |
| Selected Multiple Sclerosis Agents/Immunosuppressants; Immunomodulators SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Ocrelizumab or ofatumumab in combination with immunosuppressives and immune-modulators all suppress the immune system.(1,2) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of ocrelizumab or ofatumumab with immunosuppressive or immune-modulating agents may result in an increased risk of serious infections, such as disseminated herpetic infection or progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), an opportunistic infection caused by the JC virus (JCV).(1,2) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Incomplete washout of previously prescribed immunosuppressive or immune-modulating medications. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The ocrelizumab US prescribing information states: - Ocrelizumab and other immune-modulating or immunosuppressive therapies, (including immunosuppressant doses of corticosteroids) are expected to increase the risk of immunosuppression, and the risk of additive immune system effects must be considered if these therapies are coadministered with ocrelizumab. When switching from drugs with prolonged immune effects, such as daclizumab, fingolimod, natalizumab, teriflunomide, or mitoxantrone, the duration and mode of action of these drugs must be considered to avoid unintended additive immunosuppressive effects when initiating ocrelizumab.(1) The ofatumumab US prescribing information states: - Ofatumumab and other immunosuppressive therapies (including systemic corticosteroids) may have the potential for increased immunosuppressive effects and increase the risk of infection. When switching between therapies, the duration and mechanism of action of each therapy should be considered due to the potential for additive immunosuppressive effects. Ofatumumab for MS therapy has not been studied in combination with other MS agents that suppress the immune system.(2) DISCUSSION: Fatal disseminated herpes zoster and herpes simplex infections and cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) have been reported in patients who previously received immunomodulators or immunosuppressants.(1,2) In a retrospective cohort study of multiple sclerosis patients newly initiated on a disease-modifying therapy, use of high-efficacy agents (alemtuzumab, natalizumab, or ocrelizumab) resulted in the same risk of overall infections as moderate-efficacy agents, but there was an elevated risk of serious infections (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 1.24, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.06-1.44) and UTIs (aHR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.14-1.30).(3) |
KESIMPTA PEN, OCREVUS, OCREVUS ZUNOVO |
| T Cell Immunotherapies/Corticosteroids SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Corticosteroids suppress the immune system. Concurrent use or premedication with a prophylactic corticosteroid may interfere with the activity of CAR-T cell immunotherapies.(1-6) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Corticosteroids may decrease the efficacy of CAR-T cell immunotherapies.(1-6) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The manufacturers recommend avoiding concurrent or prophylactic use of corticosteroids as a premedication prior to infusion of CAR-T cell immunotherapy. Corticosteroids may be used and are recommended in the case of a life-threatening emergency, including the management of cytokine release syndrome or neurological toxicities.(1-6) DISCUSSION: Corticosteroids may decrease the efficacy of CAR-T cell immunotherapy.(1-6) The manufacturers recommend avoiding concurrent or prophylactic use of corticosteroids as a premedication prior to infusion of CAR-T cell immunotherapy.(1-6) Corticosteroids may be used and are recommended in the case of a life-threatening emergency, including the management of cytokine release syndrome or neurological toxicities.(1-6) |
ABECMA, AMTAGVI, AUCATZYL, BREYANZI, BREYANZI CD4 COMPONENT, BREYANZI CD8 COMPONENT, CARVYKTI, KYMRIAH, TECARTUS, TECELRA, YESCARTA |
| Cosyntropin/Agents Affecting Plasma Cortisol Levels SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Agents affecting plasma cortisol levels may impact the accuracy of the cosyntropin diagnostic test.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of agents affecting plasma cortisol levels may impact the accuracy of the cosyntropin diagnostic test.(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The US manufacturer of cosyntropin states accuracy of diagnosis using the cosyntropin diagnostic test may be complicated by concomitant medications affecting plasma cortisol levels.(1) Agents affecting plasma cortisol levels and recommendation to stop prior to cosyntropin diagnostic test include: - Glucocorticoids: May elevate plasma cortisol levels. Stop these drugs on the day of testing. Long-acting glucocorticoids may need to be stopped for a longer period before testing. - Spironolactone: May elevate plasma cortisol levels. Stop spironolactone on the day of testing. - Estrogen: May elevate plasma total cortisol levels. Discontinue estrogen containing drugs 4 to 6 weeks prior to testing to allow cortisol binding globulin levels to return to levels within the reference range. Alternatively, concomitant measurement of cortisol binding globulin at the time of testing can be done; if cortisol binding globulin levels are elevated, plasma total cortisol levels are considered inaccurate.(1) DISCUSSION: Concurrent use of agents affecting plasma cortisol levels may impact the accuracy of the cosyntropin diagnostic test.(1) |
CORTROSYN, COSYNTROPIN |
| Upadacitinib/Immunosuppressives; Immunomodulators SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Upadacitinib, immunosuppressives, and immunomodulators all suppress the immune system. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of upadacitinib with immunosuppressives or immunomodulators may result in an increased risk of serious infections. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The US manufacturer of upadacitinib states that concurrent use of upadacitinib with immunosuppressives or immunomodulators is not recommended. DISCUSSION: Serious infections have been reported in patients receiving upadacitinib. Reported infections included pneumonia, cellulitis, tuberculosis, multidermatomal herpes zoster, oral/esophageal candidiasis, cryptococcosis. Reports of viral reactivation, including herpes virus reactivation and hepatitis B reactivation, were reported in clinical studies with upadacitinib.(1) |
RINVOQ, RINVOQ LQ |
| Selected Sensitive CYP3A4 Substrates/Oral Lefamulin SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Lefamulin is considered a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4. FDA defines a moderate inhibitor as a drug which increases the area-under-curve (AUC) of a sensitive substrate by 2- to 5-fold.(1,4) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of oral lefamulin may lead to increased serum levels and adverse effects of drugs sensitive to inhibition of the CYP3A4 pathway.(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: With darifenacin, the risk of anticholinergic toxicities including cognitive decline, delirium, falls and fractures is increased in geriatric patients using more than one medicine with anticholinergic properties.(5) PATIENT MANAGEMENT: If oral lefamulin must be coadministered with a sensitive CYP3A4 substrate, it is recommended to closely monitor for adverse effects of the CYP3A4 substrate.(1) Drug-specific recommendations: The manufacturer of abemaciclib recommends monitoring for adverse reactions and considering a dose reduction of abemaciclib in 50 mg decrements as detailed in prescribing information (based on starting dose, previous dose reductions, and combination or monotherapy use) with concurrent use of moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors.(2) The US manufacturer of sirolimus protein-bound injection (Fyarro) states a dose reduction to 56 mg/m2 is recommended when used concurrently with moderate or weak CYP3A4 inhibitors. Concurrent use with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors should be avoided.(3) DISCUSSION: In a study, oral lefamulin tablets administered concomitantly with and at 2 or 4 hours before oral midazolam (a CYP3A4 substrate) increased the area-under-curve (AUC) and maximum concentration (Cmax) of midazolam by 200% and 100%, respectively. No clinically significant effect on midazolam pharmacokinetics was observed when co-administered with lefamulin injection.(1) Sensitive CYP3A4 substrates linked to this monograph include: abemaciclib, acalabrutinib, alfentanil, alprazolam, atorvastatin, brotizolam, budesonide, buspirone, cobimetinib, darifenacin, ebastine, eletriptan, elvitegravir, everolimus, lovastatin, lurasidone, maraviroc, midazolam, nisoldipine, paritaprevir, sildenafil, simvastatin, sirolimus, ticagrelor, triazolam, and ulipristal.(1,4,6) |
XENLETA |
| Inebilizumab/Immunosuppressives; Immunomodulators SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Inebilizumab, immunosuppressives, and immunomodulators all suppress the immune system.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of inebilizumab with immunosuppressive or immunomodulating agents may result in myelosuppression including neutropenia resulting in an increased risk for serious infections.(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The US manufacturer of inebilizumab states that the concurrent use of inebilizumab with immunosuppressive agents, including systemic corticosteroids, may increase the risk of infection. If concurrent therapy is warranted, consider the risk of additive immune suppression and monitor based on prescribing information for both agents.(1) DISCUSSION: Inebilizumab has not been studied in combination with other immunosuppressants. If concurrent therapy is warranted, consider the potential for increased immunosuppressive risks from both agents. The most common infections reported by inebilizumab treated patients in the randomized and open-label clinical trial periods included urinary tract infections (20%), nasopharyngitis (13%), upper respiratory tract infections (8%), and influenza (7%). Although there been no cases of Hepatitis B virus reactivation or progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy reported in patients taking inebilizumab, these infections have been observed in patients taking other B-cell-depleting antibodies.(1) |
UPLIZNA |
| Baricitinib/Immunosuppressives; Immunomodulators SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Concurrent use of baricitinib with other biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) or potent immunosuppressants such as azathioprine or cyclosporine may result in additive or synergistic effects on the immune system. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of baricitinib with other biologic DMARDs or potent immunosuppressants such as azathioprine or cyclosporine may increase the risk of serious infections.(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The US manufacturer of baricitinib states that concurrent use of baricitinib with biologic DMARDs or potent immunosuppressants is not recommended.(1) DISCUSSION: Most patients who developed serious infections while being treated with baricitinib were on concomitant immunosuppressants like methotrexate and corticosteroids. The combination of baricitinib with other biologic DMARDs has not been studied.(1) |
OLUMIANT |
| Ponesimod/Immunosuppressives; Immunomodulators SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Ponesimod in combination with immunosuppressives and immune-modulators all suppress the immune system.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of ponesimod with immunosuppressive or immune-modulating agents may result in an increased risk of serious infections, such as disseminated herpetic infection, cryptococcal infection, or progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), an opportunistic infection caused by the JC virus (JCV).(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Incomplete washout of previously prescribed immunosuppressive or immune-modulating medications. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The ponesimod US prescribing information states ponesimod has not been studied in combination with anti-neoplastic, immune-modulating, or immunosuppressive therapies. Caution should be used during concomitant administration because of the risk of additive immune effects during therapy and in the weeks following administration. When switching from drugs with prolonged immune effects, the half-life and mode of action of these drugs must be considered in order to avoid unintended additive immunosuppressive effects. Initiating treatment with ponesimod after alemtuzumab is not recommended. However, ponesimod can generally be started immediately after discontinuation of beta interferon or glatiramer acetate.(1) DISCUSSION: Fatal disseminated herpes zoster and herpes simplex infections, cryptococcal meningitis, disseminated cryptococcal infections, and cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) have been reported in patients who previously received immunomodulators or immunosuppressants.(1) |
PONVORY |
| Fingolimod/Immunosuppressives; Immunomodulators SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Fingolimod in combination with immunosuppressives and immune-modulators all suppress the immune system.(1-3) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of fingolimod with immunosuppressive or immune-modulating agents may result in an increased risk of serious infections, such as disseminated herpetic infection or progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), an opportunistic infection caused by the JC virus (JCV).(1-3) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Incomplete washout of previously prescribed immunosuppressive or immune-modulating medications. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Recommendations for fingolimod regarding this interaction differ between regulatory approving agencies. The fingolimod US prescribing information states: - Antineoplastic, immune-modulating, or immunosuppressive therapies, (including corticosteroids) are expected to increase the risk of immunosuppression, and the risk of additive immune system effects must be considered if these therapies are coadministered with fingolimod. When switching from drugs with prolonged immune effects, such as natalizumab, teriflunomide or mitoxantrone, the duration and mode of action of these drugs must be considered to avoid unintended additive immunosuppressive effects when initiating fingolimod.(1) The fingolimod Canadian prescribing information states: - Concurrent use with immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory agents is contraindicated due to the risk of additive immune system effects. However, co-administration of a short course of corticosteroids (up to 5 days) did not increase the overall rate of infection in patients participating Phase III clinical trials.(2) The fingolimod UK specific product characteristics states: - Fingolimod is contraindicated in patients currently receiving immunosuppressive therapies or those immunocompromised by prior therapies. When switching patients from another disease modifying therapy to Gilenya, the half-life and mode of action of the other therapy must be considered in order to avoid an additive immune effect whilst at the same time minimizing the risk of disease activation.(3) DISCUSSION: Fatal disseminated herpes zoster and herpes simplex infections and cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) have been reported in patients who previously received immunomodulators or immunosuppressants.(1-3) |
FINGOLIMOD, GILENYA, TASCENSO ODT |
| Ozanimod/Immunosuppressives; Immunomodulators SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Ozanimod in combination with immunosuppressives and immune-modulators all suppress the immune system.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of ozanimod with immunosuppressive or immune-modulating agents may result in an increased risk of serious infections, such as disseminated herpetic infection or progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), an opportunistic infection caused by the JC virus (JCV).(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Incomplete washout of previously prescribed immunosuppressive or immune-modulating medications. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The ozanimod US prescribing information state this information regarding this interaction: -Ozanimod has not been studied in combination with anti-neoplastic, immune-modulating, or immunosuppressive therapies. Caution should be used during concomitant administration because of the risk of additive immune effects during therapy and in the week following administration. When switching from drugs with prolonged immune effects, the half-life and mode of action of these drugs must be considered in order to avoid unintended additive immunosuppressive effects. Initiating treatment with ozanimod after alemtuzumab is not recommended. However, ozanimod can generally be started immediately after discontinuation of beta interferon or glatiramer acetate.(1) DISCUSSION: Fatal disseminated herpes zoster and herpes simplex infections and cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) have been reported in patients who previously received immunomodulators or immunosuppressants.(1) |
ZEPOSIA |
| Siponimod/Immunosuppressives; Immunomodulators SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Siponimod in combination with immunosuppressives and immune-modulators all suppress the immune system.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of siponimod with immunosuppressive or immune-modulating agents may result in an increased risk of serious infections, such as disseminated herpetic infection or progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), an opportunistic infection caused by the JC virus (JCV).(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Incomplete washout of previously prescribed immunosuppressive or immune-modulating medications. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The siponimod US prescribing information state this information regarding this interaction: -Siponimod has not been studied in combination with anti-neoplastic, immune-modulating, or immunosuppressive therapies. Caution should be used during concomitant administration because of the risk of additive immune effects during therapy and in the week following administration. When switching from drugs with prolonged immune effects, the half-life and mode of action of these drugs must be considered in order to avoid unintended additive immunosuppressive effects. Initiating treatment with siponimod after alemtuzumab is not recommended. However, siponimod can generally be started immediately after discontinuation of beta interferon or glatiramer acetate.(1) DISCUSSION: Fatal disseminated herpes zoster and herpes simplex infections and cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) have been reported in patients who previously received immunomodulators or immunosuppressants.(1) |
MAYZENT |
| Cladribine/Immunosuppressives; Immunomodulators SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Cladribine in combination with immunosuppressives and immune-modulators all suppress the immune system.(1-2) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of cladribine with immunosuppressive or immune-modulating agents may result in an increased risk of serious infections, such as disseminated herpetic infection or progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), an opportunistic infection caused by the JC virus (JCV).(1-2) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Incomplete washout of previously prescribed immunosuppressive or immune-modulating medications. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Recommendations for cladribine regarding this interaction differ between regulatory approving agencies. The cladribine US prescribing information states: -Concomitant use with myelosuppressive or other immunosuppressive drugs is not recommended. Acute short-term therapy with corticosteroids can be administered. In patients who have previously been treated with immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive drugs, consider potential additive effect, the mode of action, and duration of effect of the other drugs prior to initiation of cladribine.(1) The cladribine Canadian prescribing information states: -Use of cladribine in immunocompromised patients is contraindicated because of a risk of additive effects on the immune system. Acute short-term therapy with corticosteroids can be administered during cladribine treatment.(2) DISCUSSION: Fatal disseminated herpes zoster and herpes simplex infections and cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) have been reported in patients who previously received immunomodulators or immunosuppressants.(1-2) |
CLADRIBINE, MAVENCLAD |
| Selected Steroids/Selected Strong CYP3A4 Inhibitors SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Strong CYP3A4 inhibitors may inhibit the metabolism of corticosteroids metabolized by CYP3A4. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of strong CYP3A4 inhibitors may result in increased systemic exposure to and effects from corticosteroids metabolized by CYP3A4, including Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: If possible, avoid concurrent therapy between betamethasone, budesonide, ciclesonide, fluticasone, dexamethasone, methylprednisolone, or triamcinolone and strong CYP3A4 inhibitors. Alternative corticosteroids that are less affected by CYP3A4 inhibitors should be considered, like beclomethasone, prednisone, and prednisolone. If concurrent therapy is warranted, patients should be closely monitored for systemic effects. The corticosteroid may need to be discontinued. DISCUSSION: In a study, boceprevir (800 mg TID for 7 days) increased the area-under-curve (AUC) of a single dose of prednisone (40 mg) by 22%. The maximum concentration (Cmax) and AUC of prednisolone increased by 16% and 37%, respectively.(3) A study of 14 healthy adults found that concurrent use of ketoconazole with ciclesonide increased the AUC of ciclesonide's active metabolite, des-ciclesonide, by approximately 3.6-fold at steady state, while levels of ciclesonide remained unchanged. However, the study concluded that no dosage adjustments were required because ciclesonide has a very low potential to cause side effects.(4) A study in 18 healthy subjects examined the effects of ritonavir (100 mg twice daily) on fluticasone nasal spray (200 mcg daily). In most subjects, fluticasone was undetectable (<10 pg/ml) when administered alone. In subjects in whom fluticasone was detectable when given alone, Cmax and area-under-curve AUC averaged 11.9 pg/ml and 8.43 pg x hr/ml, respectively. With concurrent ritonavir, fluticasone Cmax and AUC increased to 318 pg/ml and 3102.6 pg x hr/ml, respectively.(6-8) This reflects increases in Cmax and AUC by 25-fold and 350-fold, respectively.(6) The cortisol AUC decreased by 86%.(10-13) In a study in 10 healthy subjects, ritonavir (200 mg twice daily for 4 and 14 days) increased the AUC of a single dose of prednisolone by 1.41-fold and 1.30-fold, respectively, after 4 days and 14 days of ritonavir.(14) There have been several case reports of Cushing's syndrome in patients treated concurrently with ritonavir and inhaled budesonide,(15-16) dexamethasone,(17) injectable triamcinolone,(18-21) nasal fluticasone.(23-41) Hepatitis has also been reported with concurrent budesonide and ritonavir.(42) In a study in 9 healthy subjects, mibefradil (50 mg once daily for 3 days) increased the AUC, Cmax, and elimination half-life of methylprednisolone by 3.8-fold, 1.8-fold, and 2.7-fold, respectively.(43) In a study in 8 healthy subjects, following nefazodone administration the following changes were seen with methylprednisolone: mean (+/-SD) area under the concentration-time curve was significantly higher (1393 +/- 343 vs. 2966 +/- 928 ug*h/L; P < 0.005), apparent clearance was lower (28.7 +/- 7.2 vs. 14.6 +/- 7.8 L/h; P < 0.02) and the terminal elimination half-life was longer (2.28 +/- 0.49 vs. 3.32 +/- 0.95 hours; P < 0.02).(44) Selected steroids linked to this monograph include: betamethasone, budesonide, ciclesonide, dexamethasone, fluticasone, methylprednisolone, and triamcinolone.(45) Selected CYP3A4 inhibitors linked to this monograph include: adagrasib, boceprevir, ceritinib, lonafarnib, mibefradil, nefazodone, ribociclib, paritaprevir, telaprevir, and tucatinib.(1-2,45) |
KISQALI, KRAZATI, NEFAZODONE HCL, TUKYSA, ZOKINVY, ZYKADIA |
| Ritlecitinib/Immunosuppressives; Immunomodulators SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Ritlecitinib, immunosuppressives, and immunomodulators all suppress the immune system. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of ritlecitinib with immunosuppressives or immunomodulators may result in an increased risk of serious infections. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The US manufacturer of ritlecitinib states that concurrent use of ritlecitinib with other JAK inhibitors, biologic immunomodulators, cyclosporine or other potent immunosuppressants is not recommended.(1) DISCUSSION: Serious infections have been reported in patients receiving ritlecitinib. Reported infections included appendicitis, COVID-19 infection (including pneumonia), and sepsis. Reports of viral reactivation, including herpes virus reactivation was reported in clinical studies with ritlecitinib.(1) |
LITFULO |
| Etrasimod/Immunosuppressives; Immunomodulators SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Etrasimod causes reversible sequestration of lymphocytes in lymphoid tissues, resulting in a mean 55% decrease in peripheral blood lymphocyte count at 52 weeks.(1) Other immunosuppressives and immune-modulators also suppress the immune system. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of etrasimod with immunosuppressive or immune-modulating agents may result in an increased risk of serious and fatal infections, such as disseminated herpetic infection, cryptococcal infection, or progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML).(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Incomplete washout of previously prescribed immunosuppressive or immune-modulating medications increases the risk of adverse effects. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The etrasimod US prescribing information states etrasimod has not been studied in combination with anti-neoplastic, immune-modulating, or immunosuppressive therapies. Concomitant administration of these therapies with etrasimod should be avoided because of the risk of additive immune effects during therapy and in the weeks following administration. Etrasimod's effect on peripheral lymphocytes may persist for up to 5 weeks after discontinuation.(1) When switching from drugs with prolonged immune effects, the half-life and mode of action of these drugs must be considered in order to avoid unintended additive immunosuppressive effects.(1) DISCUSSION: Fatal disseminated herpes zoster and herpes simplex infections, cryptococcal meningitis, disseminated cryptococcal infections, and cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) have been reported in patients treated with other sphingosine-1 phosphate receptor modulators.(1) |
VELSIPITY |
| Ropeginterferon alfa-2b/Slt Immunosuppress; Immunomodulator SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Ropeginterferon alfa-2b and immunosuppressives both suppress the immune system. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of ropeginterferon alfa-2b with immunosuppressives may result in an increased risk of serious infections. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Avoid concurrent use of myelosuppressive agents.(1-2) If concurrent use cannot be avoided, monitor for effects of excessive immunosuppression. DISCUSSION: In clinical trials, 20% of patients experienced leukopenia. Interferon alfa products may cause fatal or life-threatening infections.(1-2) |
BESREMI |
| Sodium Iodide I 131/Myelosuppressives that affect Iodide SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Sodium iodide I 131 can cause depression of the hematopoetic system. Myelosuppressives and immunomodulators also suppress the immune system.(1) Many compounds can affect iodide protein binding and alter iodide pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of sodium iodide I 131 with agents that cause bone marrow depression, including myelosuppressives or immunomodulators, may result in an enhanced risk of hematologic disorders, including anemia, blood dyscrasias, bone marrow depression, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. Bone marrow depression may increase the risk of serious infections and bleeding.(1) Compounds that affect iodide pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics may impact the effectiveness of radioactive iodide.(1,2) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Compounds that affect iodide pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are expected to have the most impact during therapy using radioactive iodide. Diagnostic procedures would be expected to be impacted less. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The US manufacturer of sodium iodide I 131 states that concurrent use with bone marrow depressants may enhance the depression of the hematopoetic system caused by large doses of sodium iodide I 131.(1) Sodium iodide I 131 causes a dose-dependent bone marrow suppression, including neutropenia or thrombocytopenia, in the 3 to 5 weeks following administration. Patients may be at increased risk of infections or bleeding during this time. Monitor complete blood counts within one month of therapy. If results indicate leukopenia or thrombocytopenia, dosimetry should be used to determine a safe sodium iodide I 131 activity.(1) Discuss the use of agents that affect iodide pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics with the patient's oncologist.(1,2) DISCUSSION: Hematologic disorders including death have been reported with sodium iodide I 131. The most common hematologic disorders reported include anemia, blood dyscrasias, bone marrow depression, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia.(1) Many agents interact with radioactive iodine. The average duration of effect is: anticoagulants - 1 week antihistamines - 1 week anti-thyroid drugs, e.g: carbimazole, methimazole, propylthiouracil - 3-5 days corticosteroids - 1 week iodide-containing medications, e.g: amiodarone - 1-6 months expectorants - 2 weeks Lugol solution - 3 weeks saturated solution of potassium iodine - 3 weeks vitamins - 10-14 days iodide-containing X-ray contrast agents - up to 1 year lithium - 4 weeks phenylbutazone - 1-2 weeks sulfonamides - 1 week thyroid hormones (natural or synthetic), e.g.: thyroxine - 4 weeks tri-iodothyronine - 2 weeks tolbutamide - 1 week topical iodide - 1-9 months (1,2) |
HICON, SODIUM IODIDE I-131 |
There are 14 moderate interactions.
The clinician should assess the patient’s characteristics and take action as needed. Actions required for moderate interactions include, but are not limited to, discontinuing one or both agents, adjusting dosage, altering administration.
| Drug Interaction | Drug Names |
|---|---|
| Corticosteroids/Hormonal Contraceptives; Estrogens SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: It is speculated that hormonal contraceptives and estrogens inhibit hepatic metabolism of some corticosteroids as well as endogenous cortisol. Competitive protein binding may also contribute to elevations in serum corticosteroids. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of hormonal contraceptives or estrogens may result in an increase in the therapeutic and toxic effects of corticosteroids. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Patients receiving concurrent hormonal contraceptives or estrogen should be observed for symptoms of corticosteroid toxicity. A lower corticosteroid dose may be required. DISCUSSION: In a study in 6 healthy females controlled on long-term oral contraceptives, subjects received either a placebo or high and low-dose prednisolone (0.53 and 0.14 mg/Kg iv). Both dosages of prednisolone decreased the total clearance, unbound clearance, and volume of distribution (Vd) at maximum concentration (Cmax) of total drug. Significant increases in half-life for free and unbound prednisolone and hydrocortisone concentrations were also observed in comparison to the placebo group. In a study in 8 females controlled on oral contraceptive therapy, 8 females not receiving contraceptive therapy, and 8 males, each subject received prednisolone 40 mg iv. The plasma clearance of total prednisolone in females on OC was 96 ml/min, which was significantly lower than those in both the male and female (205 and 187 ml/min, respectively) control groups. Prednisolone half-life and mean residence times were increased. The oral contraceptive group had a significantly higher (2-fold) concentration of transcortin, resulting in lower clearance, decreased Vd, and a 2-fold increase in the area-under-curve (AUC) for prednisolone. A clinical trial demonstrated the interaction between prednisolone (20 mg) and oral contraceptives containing ethinyl estradiol (30 mcg). The oral contraceptive users had an average plasma concentration of prednisolone 131% higher compared to the control group, and plasma cortisol levels were suppressed by approximately 90%. No differences were reported for ethinyl estradiol levels. In a study in 8 females taking oral contraceptives and 8 females who were were not, subjects received IV doses of prednisolone at 0.1 mg/Kg and 1.0 mg/Kg. Free prednisolone clearance was reduced by approximately 30% in the contraceptive receiving subjects compared to the control group, and plasma cortisol concentrations were reduced 2-fold compared to the control group. One or more of the drug pairs linked to this monograph have been included in a list of interactions that could be considered for classification as "non-interruptive" in EHR systems. This DDI subset was vetted by an expert panel commissioned by the U.S. Office of the National Coordinator (ONC) for Health Information Technology. |
2-METHOXYESTRADIOL, ACTIVELLA, AFIRMELLE, ALTAVERA, ALYACEN, AMETHIA, AMETHYST, ANGELIQ, ANNOVERA, APRI, ARANELLE, ASHLYNA, AUBRA, AUBRA EQ, AUROVELA, AUROVELA 24 FE, AUROVELA FE, AVIANE, AYUNA, AZURETTE, BALCOLTRA, BALZIVA, BEYAZ, BIJUVA, BLISOVI 24 FE, BLISOVI FE, BRIELLYN, CAMRESE, CAMRESE LO, CAZIANT, CHARLOTTE 24 FE, CHATEAL EQ, CLIMARA, CLIMARA PRO, COMBIPATCH, COVARYX, COVARYX H.S., CRYSELLE, CYRED, CYRED EQ, DASETTA, DAYSEE, DELESTROGEN, DEPO-ESTRADIOL, DESOGESTR-ETH ESTRAD ETH ESTRA, DIETHYLSTILBESTROL, DIVIGEL, DOLISHALE, DOTTI, DROSPIRENONE-ETH ESTRA-LEVOMEF, DROSPIRENONE-ETHINYL ESTRADIOL, DUAVEE, EEMT, EEMT H.S., ELESTRIN, ELINEST, ELURYNG, ENILLORING, ENPRESSE, ENSKYCE, ESTARYLLA, ESTRACE, ESTRADIOL, ESTRADIOL (ONCE WEEKLY), ESTRADIOL (TWICE WEEKLY), ESTRADIOL BENZOATE, ESTRADIOL CYPIONATE, ESTRADIOL HEMIHYDRATE, ESTRADIOL HEMIHYDRATE MICRO, ESTRADIOL MICRONIZED, ESTRADIOL VALERATE, ESTRADIOL-NORETHINDRONE ACETAT, ESTRATEST F.S., ESTRATEST H.S., ESTRING, ESTRIOL, ESTRIOL MICRONIZED, ESTROGEL, ESTROGEN-METHYLTESTOSTERONE, ESTRONE, ETHINYL ESTRADIOL, ETHYNODIOL-ETHINYL ESTRADIOL, ETONOGESTREL-ETHINYL ESTRADIOL, EVAMIST, FALMINA, FEIRZA, FEMLYV, FEMRING, FINZALA, FYAVOLV, GEMMILY, HAILEY, HAILEY 24 FE, HAILEY FE, HALOETTE, ICLEVIA, ISIBLOOM, JAIMIESS, JASMIEL, JINTELI, JOLESSA, JOYEAUX, JULEBER, JUNEL, JUNEL FE, JUNEL FE 24, KAITLIB FE, KALLIGA, KARIVA, KELNOR 1-35, KELNOR 1-50, KURVELO, LARIN, LARIN 24 FE, LARIN FE, LAYOLIS FE, LEENA, LESSINA, LEVONEST, LEVONORG-ETH ESTRAD ETH ESTRAD, LEVONORG-ETH ESTRAD-FE BISGLYC, LEVONORGESTREL-ETH ESTRADIOL, LEVORA-28, LO LOESTRIN FE, LO-ZUMANDIMINE, LOESTRIN, LOESTRIN FE, LOJAIMIESS, LORYNA, LOW-OGESTREL, LUTERA, LYLLANA, MARLISSA, MENEST, MENOSTAR, MERZEE, MIBELAS 24 FE, MICROGESTIN, MICROGESTIN FE, MILI, MIMVEY, MINIVELLE, MINZOYA, MONO-LINYAH, MYFEMBREE, NATAZIA, NECON, NEXTSTELLIS, NIKKI, NORELGESTROMIN-ETH ESTRADIOL, NORETHIN-ETH ESTRA-FERROUS FUM, NORETHINDRON-ETHINYL ESTRADIOL, NORETHINDRONE-E.ESTRADIOL-IRON, NORGESTIMATE-ETHINYL ESTRADIOL, NORTREL, NUVARING, NYLIA, OCELLA, ORIAHNN, ORTHO TRI-CYCLEN, ORTHO-NOVUM, PHILITH, PIMTREA, PORTIA, PREMARIN, PREMPHASE, PREMPRO, RECLIPSEN, RIVELSA, SAFYRAL, SETLAKIN, SIMLIYA, SIMPESSE, SLYND, SPRINTEC, SRONYX, SYEDA, TARINA 24 FE, TARINA FE, TARINA FE 1-20 EQ, TAYTULLA, TILIA FE, TRI-ESTARYLLA, TRI-LEGEST FE, TRI-LINYAH, TRI-LO-ESTARYLLA, TRI-LO-MARZIA, TRI-LO-MILI, TRI-LO-SPRINTEC, TRI-MILI, TRI-SPRINTEC, TRI-VYLIBRA, TRI-VYLIBRA LO, TRIVORA-28, TURQOZ, TWIRLA, TYBLUME, VAGIFEM, VALTYA, VELIVET, VESTURA, VIENVA, VIORELE, VIVELLE-DOT, VOLNEA, VYFEMLA, VYLIBRA, WERA, WYMZYA FE, XARAH FE, XELRIA FE, XULANE, YASMIN 28, YAZ, YUVAFEM, ZAFEMY, ZARAH, ZOVIA 1-35, ZUMANDIMINE |
| Corticosteroids/Selected Strong CYP3A4 Inducers SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Strong CYP3A4 inducers may induce the metabolism of corticosteroids. Corticosteroids may affect the metabolism of phenytoin. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent or recent use of strong CYP3A4 inducers may result in decreased levels and effectiveness of corticosteroids. Dexamethasone has been shown to increase and decrease phenytoin levels. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Induction effects may be more likely with regular use of the inducer for longer than 1-2 weeks. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Patients receiving concurrent therapy with a strong CYP3A4 inducer should be monitored for decreased effectiveness of their corticosteroid. Increased dosage of corticosteroid may be required during concurrent therapy and for several weeks after completing concurrent therapy. If concurrent therapy is discontinued, the dosage of the corticosteroid may need to be adjusted. Phenytoin levels should be closely monitored in patients receiving corticosteroids. The dosage of phenytoin may need to be adjusted if corticosteroids are initiated or discontinued. DISCUSSION: Carbamazepine has been shown to increase the metabolism of methylprednisolone, prednisolone, and prednisone, resulting in decreased levels and effectiveness of these agents. Phenobarbital has been shown to increase the metabolism of dexamethasone, methylprednisolone, and prednisolone. Primidone is metabolized to phenobarbital. Phenytoin has been shown to increase the metabolism of dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone, prednisolone, and prednisone, resulting in decreased levels and effectiveness of these agents Rifampin has been shown to increase the metabolism of cortisol, dexamethasone, methylprednisolone, prednisolone, and prednisone. Strong CYP3A4 inducers linked to this monograph include: apalutamide, barbiturates, carbamazepine, encorafenib, enzalutamide, fosphenytoin, ivosidenib, lumacaftor, mitotane, phenobarbital, phenytoin, primidone, rifabutin, rifapentine, rifampin, and St. John's wort. |
ASA-BUTALB-CAFFEINE-CODEINE, ASCOMP WITH CODEINE, BRAFTOVI, BUTALB-ACETAMINOPH-CAFF-CODEIN, BUTALBITAL, BUTALBITAL-ACETAMINOPHEN, BUTALBITAL-ACETAMINOPHEN-CAFFE, BUTALBITAL-ASPIRIN-CAFFEINE, CARBAMAZEPINE, CARBAMAZEPINE ER, CARBATROL, CEREBYX, DILANTIN, DILANTIN-125, DONNATAL, EPITOL, EQUETRO, ERLEADA, FIORICET, FIORICET WITH CODEINE, FOSPHENYTOIN SODIUM, LYSODREN, MITOTANE, MYSOLINE, ORKAMBI, PENTOBARBITAL SODIUM, PHENOBARBITAL, PHENOBARBITAL SODIUM, PHENOBARBITAL-BELLADONNA, PHENOBARBITAL-HYOSC-ATROP-SCOP, PHENOHYTRO, PHENYTEK, PHENYTOIN, PHENYTOIN SODIUM, PHENYTOIN SODIUM EXTENDED, PRIFTIN, PRIMIDONE, RIFABUTIN, RIFADIN, RIFAMPIN, SEZABY, TALICIA, TEGRETOL, TEGRETOL XR, TENCON, TIBSOVO, XTANDI |
| NSAIDs/Corticosteroids SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Concurrent use of NSAIDs and corticosteroids result in additive risk of GI ulceration. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of NSAIDs and corticosteroids may increase the incidence and/or severity of GI irritation or ulceration, including increasing the risk for bleeding. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Risk of GI bleed may be increased in patients who are of older age, in poor health status, or who use alcohol or smoke. Risk may also be increased by concurrent use of anticoagulants, antiplatelets, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs); with longer duration of NSAID use; and with prior history of peptic ulcer disease and/or GI bleeding. The risk for bleeding episodes may be greater in patients with disease-associated factors (e.g. thrombocytopenia, advanced liver disease). PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Monitor patients receiving concurrent therapy carefully for signs of gastrointestinal ulceration. Use the lowest effective NSAID dose for the shortest duration possible. If concurrent therapy is warranted, monitor patients receiving concurrent therapy for signs of blood loss, including decreased hemoglobin, hematocrit, fecal occult blood, and/or decreased blood pressure and promptly evaluate patients with any symptoms. Instruct patients to report signs of GI bleeding such as black, tarry stools; "coffee ground" vomit; nausea; or stomach/abdominal pain. DISCUSSION: Concurrent use of NSAIDs and corticosteroids increase the risk of GI bleeding. |
ANAPROX DS, ANJESO, ARTHROTEC 50, ARTHROTEC 75, BROMFENAC SODIUM, BUPIVACAINE-KETOROLAC-KETAMINE, CALDOLOR, CAMBIA, CELEBREX, CELECOXIB, COMBOGESIC, COMBOGESIC IV, CONSENSI, COXANTO, DAYPRO, DICLOFENAC, DICLOFENAC POTASSIUM, DICLOFENAC SODIUM, DICLOFENAC SODIUM ER, DICLOFENAC SODIUM MICRONIZED, DICLOFENAC SODIUM-MISOPROSTOL, EC-NAPROSYN, ELYXYB, ETODOLAC, ETODOLAC ER, FELDENE, FENOPROFEN CALCIUM, FENOPRON, FLURBIPROFEN, HYDROCODONE-IBUPROFEN, IBU, IBUPAK, IBUPROFEN, IBUPROFEN LYSINE, IBUPROFEN-FAMOTIDINE, INDOCIN, INDOMETHACIN, INDOMETHACIN ER, INFLAMMACIN, INFLATHERM(DICLOFENAC-MENTHOL), KETOPROFEN, KETOPROFEN MICRONIZED, KETOROLAC TROMETHAMINE, KIPROFEN, LODINE, LOFENA, LURBIPR, MECLOFENAMATE SODIUM, MEFENAMIC ACID, MELOXICAM, NABUMETONE, NABUMETONE MICRONIZED, NALFON, NAPRELAN, NAPROSYN, NAPROTIN, NAPROXEN, NAPROXEN SODIUM, NAPROXEN SODIUM CR, NAPROXEN SODIUM ER, NAPROXEN-ESOMEPRAZOLE MAG, NEOPROFEN, OXAPROZIN, PHENYLBUTAZONE, PIROXICAM, R.E.C.K.(ROPIV-EPI-CLON-KETOR), RELAFEN DS, ROPIVACAINE-CLONIDINE-KETOROLC, ROPIVACAINE-KETOROLAC-KETAMINE, SULINDAC, SUMATRIPTAN SUCC-NAPROXEN SOD, SYMBRAVO, TOLECTIN 600, TOLMETIN SODIUM, TORONOVA II SUIK, TORONOVA SUIK, TOXICOLOGY SALIVA COLLECTION, TRESNI, TREXIMET, VIMOVO, VIVLODEX, ZIPSOR, ZORVOLEX |
| Corticosteroids/Selected Macrolide Antibiotics SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Some macrolide antibiotics may inhibit the metabolism of corticosteroids. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of some macrolide antibiotics may result in elevated levels and clinical effects of corticosteroids. Immunosuppression and Cushing's syndrome have been reported during concurrent therapy, including therapy with inhaled corticosteroids. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Concurrent administration of enzyme inducing drugs. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Patients receiving concurrent therapy with corticosteroids and macrolide antibiotics should be monitored for increased corticosteroid affects. The dosage of the corticosteroid may need to be adjusted or the macrolide antibiotic may need to be discontinued. One US manufacturer of inhaled fluticasone states that the concurrent use of macrolide antibiotics is not recommended.(1) DISCUSSION: In a study in 10 steroid-dependent asthmatics, concurrent troleandomycin (1 gram/day) decreased methylprednisolone clearance by 60%. All subjects developed adverse effects typical of excessive corticosteroid use such as weight gain, fluid retention, and cushingoid features.(2) Other studies and reports have shown increased methylprednisolone levels with concurrent troleandomycin,(3-10) in some of these reports, the interaction was used to lower steroid dosages.(6-10) There is one report of fatal varicella infection in a patient receiving concurrent therapy with methylprednisolone and troleandomycin.(11) Cushing's syndrome has been reported with concurrent inhaled budesonide and clarithromycin.(12) Psychosis(13) and mania(14) have been reported with concurrent prednisone and clarithromycin. Erythromycin(3-9) and troleandomycin(9) have also been reported to interact with methylprednisolone. |
CLARITHROMYCIN, CLARITHROMYCIN ER, E.E.S. 200, E.E.S. 400, ERY-TAB, ERYPED 200, ERYPED 400, ERYTHROCIN LACTOBIONATE, ERYTHROCIN STEARATE, ERYTHROMYCIN, ERYTHROMYCIN ESTOLATE, ERYTHROMYCIN ETHYLSUCCINATE, ERYTHROMYCIN LACTOBIONATE, LANSOPRAZOL-AMOXICIL-CLARITHRO, OMECLAMOX-PAK, VOQUEZNA TRIPLE PAK |
| Anticoagulants/Corticosteroids SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Corticosteroids may increase the coagulability of blood, thus decreasing the effect of the anticoagulant.(1,2) Corticosteroids may also lower vascular integrity, which could increase the risk of hemorrhage.(3,4) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of corticosteroids may result in either increased (increased risk of bleeding) or decreased effects (increased risk of treatment failure) of anticoagulants. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: The risk for bleeding episodes may be greater in patients with disease-associated factors (e.g. thrombocytopenia). Drug associated risk factors include concurrent use of multiple drugs which inhibit anticoagulant/antiplatelet metabolism and/or have an inherent risk for bleeding (e.g. NSAIDs). PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The patient's clotting times should be monitored closely, along with any clinical signs of hemorrhage or clot formation. The dosage of the anticoagulant may need to be adjusted accordingly. If concurrent therapy is warranted, monitor patients receiving concurrent therapy for signs of blood loss, including decreased hemoglobin, hematocrit, fecal occult blood, and/or decreased blood pressure and promptly evaluate patients with any symptoms. When applicable, perform agent-specific laboratory test (e.g. INR, aPTT) to monitor efficacy and safety of anticoagulation. Discontinue anticoagulation in patients with active pathologic bleeding. Instruct patients to report any signs and symptoms of bleeding, such as unusual bleeding from the gums or nose; unusual bruising; red or black, tarry stools; red, pink or dark brown urine; acute abdominal or joint pain and/or swelling. The time of highest risk for a coumarin-type drug interaction is when the precipitant drug is initiated or discontinued. Contact the prescriber before initiating, altering the dose or discontinuing either drug. DISCUSSION: Corticotropin and other corticosteroids have been shown to both increase (3,5-11) and decrease (1,12,13) the effects of acenocoumarol, dicumarol, fluindione, and warfarin. Hemorrhagic episodes have been associated with concurrent use of these medications.(3,5) One or more of the drug pairs linked to this monograph have been included in a list of interactions that could be considered for classification as "non-interruptive" in EHR systems. This DDI subset was vetted by an expert panel commissioned by the U.S. Office of the National Coordinator (ONC) for Health Information Technology. |
ANISINDIONE, DICUMAROL, ELMIRON, JANTOVEN, PENTOSAN POLYSULFATE SODIUM, PHENINDIONE, WARFARIN SODIUM |
| Bupropion/Steroids SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Both bupropion and systemic steroids are known to lower the seizure threshold.(1,2) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of bupropion and systemic steroids may result in additive effects on the seizure threshold, increasing the risk of seizures.(1,2) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: The risk of seizures may be increased in patients with a history of head trauma or prior seizure; CNS tumor; severe hepatic cirrhosis; excessive use of alcohol or sedatives; addiction to opiates, cocaine, or stimulants; use of over-the-counter stimulants an anorectics; a total daily dose of bupropion greater than 450 mg or single doses greater than 150 mg; rapid escalation of bupropion dosage; diabetics treated with oral hypoglycemics or insulin; or with concomitant medications known to lower seizure threshold (antidepressants, antipsychotics, theophylline).(1,2) PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The concurrent use of bupropion and systemic steroids should be undertaken only with extreme caution and with low initial bupropion dosing and small gradual dosage increases.(1,2) Single doses should not exceed 150 mg.(1,2) The maximum daily dose of bupropion should not exceed 300 mg for smoking cessation(2) or 450 mg for depression.(1) DISCUSSION: Because of the risk of seizure from concurrent bupropion and other agents that lower seizure threshold, the manufacturer of bupropion states that the concurrent use of bupropion and systemic steroids should be undertaken only with extreme caution and with low initial bupropion dosing and small gradual dosage increases.(1,2) |
APLENZIN, AUVELITY, BUPROPION HCL, BUPROPION HCL SR, BUPROPION XL, CONTRAVE, FORFIVO XL, WELLBUTRIN SR, WELLBUTRIN XL |
| Quinolones/Corticosteroids SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Quinolone-induced arthropathy is a class effect of the quinolones.(1) Exactly how corticosteroid use increases the risk of tendon rupture is unknown. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of quinolones and corticosteroids may increase the risk of tendonitis and/or tendon rupture. This affect is most common in the Achilles tendon, but has been reported in the rotator cuff (shoulder), hand, biceps, thumb, and other tendons.(2-9) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Risk factors for tendinitis and tendon rupture include age greater than 60; a history of kidney, heart, or lung transplantation, strenuous physical activity, renal failure, and previous tendon disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Quinolone use should be discontinued if the patient experiences pain, inflammation, or rupture of a tendon. Patients should be instructed to rest and refrain from exercise until the diagnosis of tendonitis tendon rupture has been excluded.(2-9) DISCUSSION: Ruptures of the shoulder, hand, Achilles tendon, or other tendons that required surgical repair or resulted in prolonged disability have been reported in patients receiving ciprofloxacin,(2) gatifloxacin,(3) levofloxacin,(4) lomefloxacin,(5) moxifloxacin,(6) nalidixic acid,(7) norfloxacin,(8) and ofloxacin.(9) A retrospective review of the IMS Health database examined quinolone use use from July 1, 1992 to June 30, 1998. The adjusted relative risk of tendon disorder with concurrent quinolone use was 1.9. Relative risk increased to 3.2 in patients aged 60 or older compared to 0.9 in patients aged less than 60. In patients aged 60 or older who used corticosteroids and quinolones concurrently, relative risk increased to 6.2.(10) In contrast, another retrospective review examined patients from a health insurance claims database and found no apparent effect from concurrent quinolone and corticosteroid use.(11) In a review of the follow-up to 42 spontaneously reported case of quinolone-associated tendon disorders in the Netherlands between January, 1988 and January, 1998, risk factors for tendon disorders included age older than 60, oral corticosteroid use, and existing joint problems.(12) In a review of the Swiss Drug Monitoring system, four of seven cases of levofloxacin-associated tendon problems also involved concurrent oral or inhaled corticosteroids.(13) In a review of the Medline database from 1966-2001, 98 case reports of tendinopathy associated with quinolones were located. Thirty-two (32.7%) of the patients had received systemic or inhaled corticosteroids before and during quinolone therapy. Of the 40 patients who suffered a tendon rupture, 21 (52.5%) were receiving corticosteroids.(14) Other authors have reported cases of tendon disorders in patients receiving concurrent corticosteroids and ciprofloxacin,(15) levofloxacin, (16-20) and ofloxacin.(21) |
AVELOX IV, BAXDELA, CIPRO, CIPROFLOXACIN, CIPROFLOXACIN HCL, CIPROFLOXACIN-D5W, GATIFLOXACIN SESQUIHYDRATE, LEVOFLOXACIN, LEVOFLOXACIN HEMIHYDRATE, LEVOFLOXACIN-D5W, MOXIFLOXACIN, MOXIFLOXACIN HCL, NALIDIXIC ACID, OFLOXACIN |
| Selected Corticosteroids/Selected Azole Antifungal Agents SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, and voriconazole may inhibit the CYP3A4 mediated metabolism of some corticosteroids, resulting in increased systemic exposure. Itraconazole and ketoconazole may also suppress endogenous cortisol output. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, or voriconazole may result in elevated levels of and effects from the corticosteroid, including Cushing syndrome. These effects have been seen with systemic as well as inhaled corticosteroids. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Patients should be carefully monitored with concurrent administration of these agents, or when itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, or voriconazole is added to corticosteroid therapy. The dose of the corticosteroid may need to be adjusted or alternative therapy considered. DISCUSSION: In a randomized, double-blind, cross-over study in 10 healthy subjects, pretreatment with itraconazole (200 mg daily for 5 days) increased the area-under-curve (AUC) and maximum concentration (Cmax) of a single inhaled dose of budesonide (1000 mcg) by 4.2-fold and 1.6-fold, respectively. Suppression of cortisol production was increased 43%.(1) A study examined adrenal insufficiency in 25 cystic fibrosis patients treated with itraconazole and inhaled budesonide and in 12 patients receiving itraconazole alone. Eleven of the 25 patients receiving concurrent itraconazole and budesonide and none of the patients receiving only itraconazole had adrenal insufficiency.(2) There are case reports of Cushing syndrome in patients receiving concurrent itraconazole (range 200 mg to 800 mg daily) and inhaled budesonide (range 400 mcg to 1400 mcg daily).(3-5) The concurrent use of ketoconazole has been shown to increase budesonide area-under-curve (AUC) by eight-fold.(6) In a study in eight healthy subjects, the simultaneous administration of ketoconazole increased budesonide AUC by 6.5-fold. Administering the two agents 12 hours apart increased budesonide AUC by 3.8-fold.(7) There are case reports of Cushing syndrome in patients receiving concurrent itraconazole (range 100 mg to 400 mg daily) and inhaled fluticasone (range 250 mcg to 1.5 mg daily).(8,9) In a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover, four phase study in 8 healthy subjects, itraconazole decreased the systemic clearance of intravenous dexamethasone by 68%, increased the area-under-curve (AUC) of dexamethasone by 3.3-fold, and prolonged its half-life by 3.2-fold. The AUC of oral dexamethasone was increased 3.7-fold, maximum concentration (Cmax) was increased by 1.7-fold, and the elimination half-life was prolonged 2.8-fold by itraconazole.(10) In a randomized, cross-over study in 14 healthy subjects, pretreatment with itraconazole (400 mg Day 1, 200 mg Days 2-4) increased the AUC of a single oral dose of methylprednisolone by 1.5-fold. Cortisol levels were significantly lower after concurrent therapy than with methylprednisolone alone.(11) There is a case report of Cushing syndrome following the addition of itraconazole (400 mg daily) to methylprednisolone (12 mg/day).(12) In a study in 6 healthy subjects, pretreatment with ketoconazole (200 mg daily) increased the AUC of a single intravenous dose of methylprednisolone (20 mg) by 135% and decreased its clearance by 60%. Concurrent ketoconazole also increased the reduction in 24-hour cortisol AUC and suppressed morning cortisol concentrations.(13) In a study in 8 healthy subjects, ketoconazole decreased the clearance of methylprednisolone by 46% and increased mean residence time by 37%.(14) In a randomized, cross-over study in 14 healthy subjects, pretreatment with itraconazole (400 mg Day 1, 200 mg Days 2-4) had no effect on the pharmacokinetics of a single oral dose of prednisone (60 mg).(11) In a randomized, cross-over study in 6 healthy subjects, pretreatment with ketoconazole (200 mg daily for 6 days) had no effect on the pharmacokinetics of a single intravenous dose of prednisolone (14.8 mg).(15) In a randomized, double-blind, cross-over study in 10 healthy subjects, pretreatment with itraconazole (200 mg daily for 4 days) increased the AUC and half-life of a single oral dose of prednisolone (20 mg) by 24% and 29%, respectively.(16) In a study, concurrent oral ketoconazole increased the AUC of des-ciclesonide from orally inhaled ciclesonide by 3.6-fold. There were no changes in ciclesonide levels.(17) In a study in 24 healthy subjects, subjects were randomized to receive either ketoconazole (200 mg BID) or placebo on Days 4-9 of a a 9 day course of mometasone (400 mcg BID). No subject had mometasone levels greater than 150 pcg/ml on Day 3. Four of 12 subjects who received ketoconazole had mometasone Cmax levels greater than 200 mcg/ml on Day 9. Plasma cortisol levels appeared to decrease as well.(18) In a cross-over study in 15 healthy subjects, subjects were randomized to receive fluticasone furoate and vilanterol on days 5-11 with either ketoconazole (200mg once daily) or placebo for days 1-11 with a washout period of 7-14 days. Fluticasone furoate AUC was increased by 36%, Cmax was increased by 33%, and decreased systemic cortisol levels by 27%. There were no effects on heart rate and blood potassium levels. There was a small increase in QTc which was 7.6ms greater when compared to placebo; however, ketoconazole has been reported to increase QTc by 5-6ms. Vilanterol AUC was increased by 65% and Cmax was increased by 22%. There were no effects on heart rate and blood potassium levels. No serious adverse events occurred and no subjects withdrew from the study due to adverse events. The most common adverse event reported was headache. (19) Coadministration of orally inhaled fluticasone (1000 mcg) and ketoconazole (200 mg once daily) resulted in a 1.9-fold increase in plasma fluticasone exposure and a 45% decrease in plasma cortisol AUC.(20) There is a case report of Cushing syndrome following the addition of voriconazole (200 mg twice daily for 21 days for 2 courses) to budesonide,(21) as well as voriconazole added to intranasal mometasone(22) and inhaled fluticasone.(22) There is a case report of Cushing syndrome following the addition of posaconazole (200 mg three times daily) to inhaled fluticasone.(23) |
ITRACONAZOLE, ITRACONAZOLE MICRONIZED, KETOCONAZOLE, NOXAFIL, POSACONAZOLE, SPORANOX, TOLSURA, VFEND, VFEND IV, VORICONAZOLE |
| Erlotinib/Corticosteroids SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: The exact mechanism is unknown. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of corticosteroids may increase the risk of gastrointestinal perforation in patients receiving erlotinib. Fatalities have been reported.(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Patients with a history of peptic ulceration or diverticular disease or who are receiving concomitant anti-angiogenic, NSAIDs, and/or taxane-based chemotherapy may be an increased risk of gastrointestinal perforation.(1) PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Monitor patients receiving concurrent therapy for signs of gastrointestinal perforation. Discontinue erlotinib in patients who develop gastrointestinal perforation.(1) DISCUSSION: In a phase II trial of concurrent bevacizumab plus erlotinib, 2 of 13 patients suffered fatal gastrointestinal perforations.(2) In another phase II trial of concurrent bevacizumab with erlotinib, 1 of 104 patients died of gastrointestinal perforation.(3) Two patients developed gastrointestinal perforations while taking erlotinib, corticosteroids, and ciprofloxacin.(3) |
ERLOTINIB HCL, TARCEVA |
| Gallium Ga 68 Dotatate/Corticosteroids SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: High-dose corticosteroids may down-regulate somatostatin subtype 2 receptors, the main binding site for gallium Ga 68 dotatate.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Repeated use of high doses of corticosteroids before use of gallium Ga 68 dotatate may result in false negative imaging results.(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: In patients receiving high-dose corticosteroids prior to use of gallium Ga 68 dotatate, interpret imaging results with caution and in the context of the patient's clinical presentation. DISCUSSION: Repeated use of high doses of corticosteroids before use of gallium Ga 68 dotatate may result in false negative imaging results due to down-regulation of the somatostatin subtype 2 receptor.(1) |
GALLIUM GA-68 DOTATOC, NETSPOT |
| Selected Corticosteroids/Levoketoconazole SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Levoketoconazole may inhibit the CYP3A4 mediated metabolism of some corticosteroids, resulting in increased systemic exposure. Levoketoconazole may also suppress endogenous cortisol output. Levoketoconazole is the enantiomer of ketoconazole. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of levoketoconazole may result in elevated levels of and effects from the corticosteroid, including Cushing syndrome. These effects have been seen with systemic as well as inhaled corticosteroids. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Patients should be carefully monitored with concurrent administration of these agents, or when levoketoconazole is added to corticosteroid therapy. The dose of the corticosteroid may need to be adjusted or alternative therapy considered. DISCUSSION: The concurrent use of ketoconazole has been shown to increase budesonide area-under-curve (AUC) by eight-fold. In a study in eight healthy subjects, the simultaneous administration of ketoconazole increased budesonide AUC by 6.5-fold. Administering the two agents 12 hours apart increased budesonide AUC by 3.8-fold. In a study in 6 healthy subjects, pretreatment with ketoconazole (200 mg daily) increased the AUC of a single intravenous dose of methylprednisolone (20 mg) by 135% and decreased its clearance by 60%. Concurrent ketoconazole also increased the reduction in 24-hour cortisol AUC and suppressed morning cortisol concentrations. In a study in 8 healthy subjects, ketoconazole decreased the clearance of methylprednisolone by 46% and increased mean residence time by 37%. In a randomized, cross-over study in 6 healthy subjects, pretreatment with ketoconazole (200 mg daily for 6 days) had no effect on the pharmacokinetics of a single intravenous dose of prednisolone (14.8 mg). In a study, concurrent oral ketoconazole increased the AUC of des-ciclesonide from orally inhaled ciclesonide by 3.6-fold. There were no changes in ciclesonide levels. In a study in 24 healthy subjects, subjects were randomized to receive either ketoconazole (200 mg BID) or placebo on Days 4-9 of a a 9 day course of mometasone (400 mcg BID). No subject had mometasone levels greater than 150 pcg/ml on Day 3. Four of 12 subjects who received ketoconazole had mometasone Cmax levels greater than 200 mcg/ml on Day 9. Plasma cortisol levels appeared to decrease as well. In a cross-over study in 15 healthy subjects, subjects were randomized to receive fluticasone furoate and vilanterol on days 5-11 with either ketoconazole (200mg once daily) or placebo for days 1-11 with a washout period of 7-14 days. Fluticasone furoate AUC was increased by 36%, Cmax was increased by 33%, and decreased systemic cortisol levels by 27%. There were no effects on heart rate and blood potassium levels. There was a small increase in QTc which was 7.6ms greater when compared to placebo; however, ketoconazole has been reported to increase QTc by 5-6ms. Vilanterol AUC was increased by 65% and Cmax was increased by 22%. There were no effects on heart rate and blood potassium levels. No serious adverse events occurred and no subjects withdrew from the study due to adverse events. The most common adverse event reported was headache. Coadministration of orally inhaled fluticasone (1000 mcg) and ketoconazole (200 mg once daily) resulted in a 1.9-fold increase in plasma fluticasone exposure and a 45% decrease in plasma cortisol AUC. |
RECORLEV |
| Selected Steroids/Nirmatrelvir-Ritonavir SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir may inhibit the metabolism of corticosteroids metabolized by CYP3A4.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir may result in increased systemic exposure to and effects from corticosteroids metabolized by CYP3A4.(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Coadministration with corticosteroids of all routes of administration of which exposures are significantly increased by strong CYP3A4 inhibitors can increase the risk of Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression. However, the risk of Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression associated with short-term use of a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor is low.(1) The manufacturer of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir recommends considering alternative corticosteroids including beclomethasone, prednisone, and prednisolone.(1) DISCUSSION: Concurrent use of a single dose of midazolam 2 mg, a CYP3A4 substrate, with nirmatrelvir-ritonavir (300 mg/100 mg twice daily for nine doses) increased the maximum concentration (Cmax) and area-under-curve (AUC) of midazolam by 37% and 143%, respectively.(1) A study in 18 healthy subjects examined the effects of ritonavir (100 mg twice daily) on fluticasone nasal spray (200 mcg daily). In most subjects, fluticasone was undetectable (<10 pg/ml) when administered alone. In subjects in whom fluticasone was detectable when given alone, Cmax and area-under-curve AUC averaged 11.9 pg/ml and 8.43 pg x hr/ml, respectively. With concurrent ritonavir, fluticasone Cmax and AUC increased to 318 pg/ml and 3102.6 pg x hr/ml, respectively.(7,11,13) This reflects increases in Cmax and AUC by 25-fold and 350-fold, respectively.(3) The cortisol AUC decreased by 86%.(3-6) In a study in 10 healthy subjects, ritonavir (200 mg twice daily for 4 and 14 days) increased the AUC of a single dose of prednisolone by 1.41-fold and 1.30-fold, respectively, after 4 days and 14 days of ritonavir.(7) Selected steroids linked to this monograph include: budesonide, ciclesonide, dexamethasone, fluticasone, methylprednisolone, and triamcinolone.(8) |
PAXLOVID |
| Systemic Corticosteroids; Corticotropin/Non-Live or Non-Replicating Vaccines SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Corticosteroids and corticotropin suppress the immune system and may alter the immune system's response to vaccines.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Vaccines administered during or within 2 weeks prior to therapy with corticosteroids or corticotropin may result in decreased effectiveness of the vaccine.(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Patients receiving immunosuppressive doses of corticosteroids or corticotropin for equal to or greater than 14 consecutive days.(1) PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The Centers for Disease Control's (CDC) Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) states that non-live vaccines should be used with caution in patients who are severely immunosuppressed, including those who are receiving or have received high-dose, systemic steroids for greater than or equal to 14 consecutive days. When initiating immunosuppressives doses of corticosteroids, wait 2 weeks after a non-live vaccines is administered. However, if patients require therapy for chronic inflammatory conditions, do not delay therapy due to past vaccines.(1) The immune response to non-live vaccines should be monitored in patients receiving corticosteroids. Vaccinations given during corticosteroid therapy may need to be repeated.(1) Patients who are vaccinated within the 14 days prior to initiating immunosuppressive therapy should be considered unvaccinated and should be revaccinated at least 3 months after immunosuppressive therapy is discontinued when immune competence is restored.(1) DISCUSSION: Vaccinations given during and within 2 weeks prior to corticosteroid therapy may be less effective. However they are considered safe to administer.(1) Many clinicians consider a dose equivalent to either 2 mg/kg of body weight or a total of 20 mg/day of prednisone as sufficiently immunosuppressive to raise safety concerns about live-virus vaccines.(1) Immunization procedures may be undertaken in patients receiving corticosteroids when the therapy is short term (less than 2 weeks); low to moderate dose; long-term, alternate-day treatment with short-acting preparations; maintenance physiologic doses (replacement therapy); or administered topically (skin or eyes), by aerosol, or by intra-articular, bursal, or tendon injection.(1) |
ACTHIB, ADACEL TDAP, AREXVY, AREXVY ANTIGEN COMPONENT, BEXSERO, BIOTHRAX, BOOSTRIX TDAP, CAPVAXIVE, COMIRNATY 2024-2025, CYFENDUS (NATIONAL STOCKPILE), DAPTACEL DTAP, ENGERIX-B ADULT, ENGERIX-B PEDIATRIC-ADOLESCENT, GARDASIL 9, HAVRIX, HEPLISAV-B, HIBERIX, IMOVAX RABIES VACCINE, INFANRIX DTAP, IPOL, IXIARO, JYNNEOS, JYNNEOS (NATIONAL STOCKPILE), KINRIX, MENQUADFI, MENVEO A-C-Y-W-135-DIP, MENVEO MENA COMPONENT, MENVEO MENCYW-135 COMPONENT, MODERNA COVID 24-25(6M-11Y)EUA, MRESVIA, NOVAVAX COVID 2024-2025 (EUA), PEDIARIX, PEDVAXHIB, PENBRAYA, PENBRAYA MENACWY COMPONENT, PENBRAYA MENB COMPONENT, PENTACEL, PENTACEL ACTHIB COMPONENT, PENTACEL DTAP-IPV COMPONENT, PFIZER COVID 2024-25(5-11Y)EUA, PFIZER COVID 2024-25(6M-4Y)EUA, PNEUMOVAX 23, PREVNAR 20, QUADRACEL DTAP-IPV, RABAVERT, RECOMBIVAX HB, SHINGRIX, SHINGRIX GE ANTIGEN COMPONENT, SPIKEVAX 2024-2025, TDVAX, TENIVAC, TICOVAC, TRUMENBA, TWINRIX, TYPHIM VI, VAQTA, VAXELIS, VAXNEUVANCE, VIMKUNYA |
| Capivasertib/Corticosteroids SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Capivasertib may cause severe hyperglycemia. Corticosteroids also cause hyperglycemia.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of capivasertib with corticosteroids may cause severe hyperglycemia.(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Patients with a medical history of diabetes mellitus and in patients with risk factors for hyperglycemia, such as obesity (BMI >= 30), elevated fasting glucose of > 160 mg/dL, HbA1c at or above the upper limit of normal, or intercurrent infections, may be at increased risk for hyperglycemia.(1) PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The US manufacturer of capivasertib recommends monitoring fasting blood glucose more frequently in patients on concomitant systemic corticosteroids.(1) If hyperglycemia occurs after starting capivasertib, monitor fasting glucose as clinically indicated and at least twice weekly until fasting glucose returns to normal.(1) DISCUSSION: Because capivasertib has been associated with severe hyperglycemia, fasting blood glucose should be monitored closely during the concurrent use of corticosteroids with capivasertib therapy.(1) In clinical studies, hyperglycemia occurred in 18% of patients treated with capivasertib. Grade 3 (insulin therapy initiated; hospitalization indicated) or Grade 4 (life-threatening consequences; urgent intervention indicated) hyperglycemia occurred in 2.8% of patients. Diabetic ketoacidosis occurred in 0.3% of patients and diabetic metabolic decompensation in 0.6% of patients. Dose reduction for hyperglycemia was required in 0.6% of patients and permanent discontinuation was required in 0.6% of patients. The median time to first occurrence of hyperglycemia was 15 days (range: 1 to 367).(1) In the 65 patients with hyperglycemia, 45% required treatment with anti-hyperglycemic medication (insulin in 15%, and metformin in 29%). Of the 29 patients who required anti-hyperglycemic medication during treatment with capivasertib, 66% (19/29) remained on these medications at treatment discontinuation or last follow up.(1) |
TRUQAP |
The following contraindication information is available for BUDESONIDE EC (budesonide):
Drug contraindication overview.
Known hypersensitivity to budesonide or any ingredient in the formulation. Orally inhaled budesonide is contraindicated as primary treatment of acute asthmatic attacks or status asthmaticus when intensive measures (e.g., an orally inhaled beta2adrenergic agonist, an orally inhaled anticholinergic agent, subcutaneous epinephrine, IV aminophylline, and/or an oral/IV glucocorticoid) are required. Orally inhaled budesonide powder (Pulmicort(R) Flexhaler(R)) is contraindicated in patients with severe hypersensitivity to milk proteins.
Budesonide in fixed combination with formoterol fumarate (Symbicort(R)) is contraindicated as primary treatment of status asthmaticus or other acute episodes of asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) when intensive measures are required. When budesonide is used in fixed combination with formoterol fumarate, contraindications associated with formoterol fumarate should be considered.
Known hypersensitivity to budesonide or any ingredient in the formulation. Orally inhaled budesonide is contraindicated as primary treatment of acute asthmatic attacks or status asthmaticus when intensive measures (e.g., an orally inhaled beta2adrenergic agonist, an orally inhaled anticholinergic agent, subcutaneous epinephrine, IV aminophylline, and/or an oral/IV glucocorticoid) are required. Orally inhaled budesonide powder (Pulmicort(R) Flexhaler(R)) is contraindicated in patients with severe hypersensitivity to milk proteins.
Budesonide in fixed combination with formoterol fumarate (Symbicort(R)) is contraindicated as primary treatment of status asthmaticus or other acute episodes of asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) when intensive measures are required. When budesonide is used in fixed combination with formoterol fumarate, contraindications associated with formoterol fumarate should be considered.
There are 7 contraindications.
Absolute contraindication.
| Contraindication List |
|---|
| Arginase deficiency |
| Argininosuccinate lyase deficiency |
| Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase deficiency |
| Cerebral malaria |
| Citrullinemia |
| Hyperammonemia associated with n-acetylglutamate synthase deficiency |
| Ornithine carbamoyltransferase deficiency |
There are 18 severe contraindications.
Adequate patient monitoring is recommended for safer drug use.
| Severe List |
|---|
| Amebae infection |
| Child-pugh class B hepatic impairment |
| Chronic heart failure |
| Disease of liver |
| Fungal infection |
| Inactive tuberculosis |
| Measles |
| Measles contact |
| Ocular herpes simplex |
| Ocular hypertension |
| Osteopenia |
| Osteoporosis |
| Pheochromocytoma |
| Strongyloidiasis |
| Untreated active tuberculosis |
| Varicella contact |
| Varicella zoster virus infection |
| Viral hepatitis B |
There are 12 moderate contraindications.
Clinically significant contraindication, where the condition can be managed or treated before the drug may be given safely.
| Moderate List |
|---|
| Cataracts |
| Diabetes mellitus |
| Diverticulitis of gastrointestinal tract |
| Glaucoma |
| Hypertension |
| Hypothalamic-pituitary insufficiency |
| Immunosuppression |
| Infection |
| Intestinal anastomosis |
| Pathological fracture |
| Peptic ulcer |
| Psychotic disorder |
The following adverse reaction information is available for BUDESONIDE EC (budesonide):
Adverse reaction overview.
Adverse effects occurring in at least 5% of patients receiving budesonide oral capsules include headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, dyspepsia, diarrhea, abdominal pain, flatulence, sinusitis, respiratory infection, viral infection, pain (including back pain), arthralgia, and fatigue. Adverse effect profile in long-term treatment was similar to that of short-term treatment. Adverse effects occurring in 1% or more of patients receiving budesonide by oral inhalation (as a powder using a Flexhaler(R) or a Turbuhaler(R) (no longer commercially available in the US) or as an inhalation suspension, administered via nebulization) include infections (e.g., respiratory infection, ocular infection), nasopharyngitis, pharyngitis, nasal congestion, allergic rhinitis, sinusitis, viral infection (e.g., herpes simplex), cough, voice alteration, stridor, earache, otitis (media or externa), viral infection, flu-like syndrome, moniliasis, oral candidiasis, flu syndrome, fever, headache, migraine, insomnia, dysphonia, hyperkinesia, asthenia, fatigue, emotional lability, pain (e.g., back pain), arthralgia, myalgia, hypertonia, fractures, dyspepsia, gastroenteritis, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, dry mouth, taste perversion, weight gain, anorexia, epistaxis, ecchymosis, purpura, cervical lymphadenopathy, conjunctivitis, rash (may be pustular), pruritus, allergic reaction, contact dermatitis, syncope, and chest pain.
Adverse effects occurring in at least 5% of patients receiving budesonide oral capsules include headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, dyspepsia, diarrhea, abdominal pain, flatulence, sinusitis, respiratory infection, viral infection, pain (including back pain), arthralgia, and fatigue. Adverse effect profile in long-term treatment was similar to that of short-term treatment. Adverse effects occurring in 1% or more of patients receiving budesonide by oral inhalation (as a powder using a Flexhaler(R) or a Turbuhaler(R) (no longer commercially available in the US) or as an inhalation suspension, administered via nebulization) include infections (e.g., respiratory infection, ocular infection), nasopharyngitis, pharyngitis, nasal congestion, allergic rhinitis, sinusitis, viral infection (e.g., herpes simplex), cough, voice alteration, stridor, earache, otitis (media or externa), viral infection, flu-like syndrome, moniliasis, oral candidiasis, flu syndrome, fever, headache, migraine, insomnia, dysphonia, hyperkinesia, asthenia, fatigue, emotional lability, pain (e.g., back pain), arthralgia, myalgia, hypertonia, fractures, dyspepsia, gastroenteritis, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, dry mouth, taste perversion, weight gain, anorexia, epistaxis, ecchymosis, purpura, cervical lymphadenopathy, conjunctivitis, rash (may be pustular), pruritus, allergic reaction, contact dermatitis, syncope, and chest pain.
There are 74 severe adverse reactions.
| More Frequent | Less Frequent |
|---|---|
|
Abnormal vaginal bleeding Adrenocortical insufficiency Arthralgia Esophageal ulcer Gastroenteritis Headache disorder Infection Oral candidiasis Pharyngitis Viral infection |
Abscess Agitation Bronchitis Chest pain Conjunctivitis Diabetes mellitus Gastrointestinal obstruction Hypercortisolism Hypokalemia Leukocytosis Memory impairment Osteoporosis Otitis externa Palpitations Purpura Tongue swelling Urinary tract infection Visual changes |
| Rare/Very Rare |
|---|
|
Abnormal hepatic function tests Acute cognitive impairment Acute pancreatitis Anaphylaxis Angioedema Body fluid retention Bradycardia Cardiac arrest Cardiac arrhythmia Cataracts Chronic heart failure Delirium Depression Dyspnea Ecchymosis Edema Erythema Euphoria Excitement Fracture Glaucoma Glycosuria Hallucinations Hepatomegaly Hypertension Idiopathic intracranial hypertension Impaired wound healing Mood changes Muscle weakness Myopathy Ocular hypertension Paranoid disorder Peptic ulcer Personality disorders Pneumonia Pulmonary edema Sepsis Skin rash Skin striae Tachycardia Tendon rupture Thromboembolic disorder Thrombophlebitis Tonic clonic seizure Urticaria Vasculitis |
There are 58 less severe adverse reactions.
| More Frequent | Less Frequent |
|---|---|
|
Acne vulgaris Acute abdominal pain Allergic dermatitis Back pain Diarrhea Dizziness Dyspepsia Fatigue Flatulence Gastric acid hypersecretory conditions Increased appetite Insomnia Muscle spasm Nausea Nervousness Pain Peripheral edema Sinusitis Skin inflammation Upper respiratory infection Vomiting Weight gain |
Alopecia Constipation Drowsy Dysuria Facial edema Fever Flu-like symptoms Gastrointestinal fistula General weakness Glossitis Hemorrhoids Hyperkinesis Increased urinary frequency Irregular menstrual periods Menstrual disorder Myalgia Nocturia Rhinitis Tooth disorder Tremor |
| Rare/Very Rare |
|---|
|
Cramps Dysgeusia Flushing Hiccups Hirsutism Hyperhidrosis Hyperkalemia Hyperlipidemia Irritability Lipodystrophy Malaise Paresthesia Petechiae Skin scaling Syncope Vertigo |
The following precautions are available for BUDESONIDE EC (budesonide):
Safety and efficacy of oral budesonide delayed-release capsules have not been established in pediatric patients younger than 18 years of age with Crohn's disease. Oral budesonide (using preparations other than Entecort(R) EC) has been used for the management of mild to moderately active Crohn's disease in a limited number of pediatric patients without unusual adverse effects. Benign intracranial hypertension has been reported in at least one pediatric patient with Crohn's disease receiving the drug.
Safety and efficacy of budesonide inhalation powder have not been established in children younger than 6 years of age. Efficacy of budesonide inhalation suspension has not been established in children younger than 1 year of age, while safety of the suspension has not been established in children younger than 6 months of age. Safety and efficacy of budesonide in fixed combination with formoterol fumarate (Symbicort(R)) inhalation aerosol in patients 12 years of age or older with asthma have been established in studies of up to 12 months' duration; in addition, safety and efficacy of the fixed-combination preparation in children 6 to less than 12 years of age with asthma have been established in studies of up to 12 weeks' duration.
The manufacturer states that safety and efficacy of the fixed-combination preparation in children younger than 6 years of age with asthma have not been established. Use of corticosteroids may lead to suppression of growth in children and adolescents. Therefore, children receiving prolonged therapy with orally inhaled budesonide should be monitored periodically for possible adverse effects on growth and development. (See Cautions: Pediatric Precautions, in the Corticosteroids General Statement 68:04.)
Contraindicated
Severe Precaution
Management or Monitoring Precaution
Safety and efficacy of budesonide inhalation powder have not been established in children younger than 6 years of age. Efficacy of budesonide inhalation suspension has not been established in children younger than 1 year of age, while safety of the suspension has not been established in children younger than 6 months of age. Safety and efficacy of budesonide in fixed combination with formoterol fumarate (Symbicort(R)) inhalation aerosol in patients 12 years of age or older with asthma have been established in studies of up to 12 months' duration; in addition, safety and efficacy of the fixed-combination preparation in children 6 to less than 12 years of age with asthma have been established in studies of up to 12 weeks' duration.
The manufacturer states that safety and efficacy of the fixed-combination preparation in children younger than 6 years of age with asthma have not been established. Use of corticosteroids may lead to suppression of growth in children and adolescents. Therefore, children receiving prolonged therapy with orally inhaled budesonide should be monitored periodically for possible adverse effects on growth and development. (See Cautions: Pediatric Precautions, in the Corticosteroids General Statement 68:04.)
Contraindicated
| None |
Severe Precaution
| None |
Management or Monitoring Precaution
| None |
Category B (orally inhaled powder and inhalation suspension); category C (oral capsules and the fixed combination of budesonide and formoterol fumarate oral inhalation aerosol). (See Users Guide.) Hypoadrenalism may occur in infants of women receiving corticosteroid therapy during pregnancy. These infants should be carefully monitored.
Like other corticosteroids, budesonide is distributed into milk; however, data are not available on the effects of the drug on the breast-fed child or on milk production. The benefits of breast-feeding and the importance of budesonide to the woman should be considered along with any potential adverse effects on the breast-fed infant from the drug or underlying maternal condition. The manufacturer of budesonide oral inhalation powder (Pulmicort(R) Flexhaler(R)) states that the drug should be used in nursing women only if clinically appropriate and that therapy should be titrated to the lowest effective dosage. In addition, budesonide powder inhaler should be used immediately after nursing to minimize infant exposure to the drug.
Clinical studies of oral budesonide delayed-release capsules or budesonide oral inhalation powder did not include sufficient numbers of patients 65 years of age or older to determine whether geriatric patients respond differently than younger patients. While other clinical experience with budesonide inhalation powder or inhalation suspension or with the inhalation aerosol containing budesonide in fixed combination with formoterol fumarate has not revealed age-related differences in response, oral drug dosage generally should be titrated carefully in geriatric patients, usually initiating therapy at the low end of the dosage range. Safety of budesonide inhalation powder in patients 65 years of age or older was similar to that observed in younger adults.
No substantial differences in safety and efficacy of budesonide in fixed combination with formoterol fumarate were observed in geriatric patients relative to younger adults. The greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, and/or cardiac function and of concomitant disease and drug therapy observed in the elderly also should be considered. (See Dosage and Administration: Special Populations.)
No substantial differences in safety and efficacy of budesonide in fixed combination with formoterol fumarate were observed in geriatric patients relative to younger adults. The greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, and/or cardiac function and of concomitant disease and drug therapy observed in the elderly also should be considered. (See Dosage and Administration: Special Populations.)
The following prioritized warning is available for BUDESONIDE EC (budesonide):
No warning message for this drug.
No warning message for this drug.
The following icd codes are available for BUDESONIDE EC (budesonide)'s list of indications:
| Crohn's disease | |
| K50 | Crohn's disease [regional enteritis] |
| K50.0 | Crohn's disease of small intestine |
| K50.00 | Crohn's disease of small intestine without complications |
| K50.01 | Crohn's disease of small intestine with complications |
| K50.011 | Crohn's disease of small intestine with rectal bleeding |
| K50.012 | Crohn's disease of small intestine with intestinal obstruction |
| K50.013 | Crohn's disease of small intestine with fistula |
| K50.014 | Crohn's disease of small intestine with abscess |
| K50.018 | Crohn's disease of small intestine with other complication |
| K50.019 | Crohn's disease of small intestine with unspecified complications |
| K50.1 | Crohn's disease of large intestine |
| K50.10 | Crohn's disease of large intestine without complications |
| K50.11 | Crohn's disease of large intestine with complications |
| K50.111 | Crohn's disease of large intestine with rectal bleeding |
| K50.112 | Crohn's disease of large intestine with intestinal obstruction |
| K50.113 | Crohn's disease of large intestine with fistula |
| K50.114 | Crohn's disease of large intestine with abscess |
| K50.118 | Crohn's disease of large intestine with other complication |
| K50.119 | Crohn's disease of large intestine with unspecified complications |
| K50.8 | Crohn's disease of both small and large intestine |
| K50.80 | Crohn's disease of both small and large intestine without complications |
| K50.81 | Crohn's disease of both small and large intestine with complications |
| K50.811 | Crohn's disease of both small and large intestine with rectal bleeding |
| K50.812 | Crohn's disease of both small and large intestine with intestinal obstruction |
| K50.813 | Crohn's disease of both small and large intestine with fistula |
| K50.814 | Crohn's disease of both small and large intestine with abscess |
| K50.818 | Crohn's disease of both small and large intestine with other complication |
| K50.819 | Crohn's disease of both small and large intestine with unspecified complications |
| K50.9 | Crohn's disease, unspecified |
| K50.90 | Crohn's disease, unspecified, without complications |
| K50.91 | Crohn's disease, unspecified, with complications |
| K50.911 | Crohn's disease, unspecified, with rectal bleeding |
| K50.912 | Crohn's disease, unspecified, with intestinal obstruction |
| K50.913 | Crohn's disease, unspecified, with fistula |
| K50.914 | Crohn's disease, unspecified, with abscess |
| K50.918 | Crohn's disease, unspecified, with other complication |
| K50.919 | Crohn's disease, unspecified, with unspecified complications |
Formulary Reference Tool