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Drug overview for AZATHIOPRINE (azathioprine):
Generic name: AZATHIOPRINE (AY-za-THYE-oh-preen)
Drug class: Purine Analogues
Therapeutic class: Immunosuppressive Agents
Azathioprine, a chemical analog of the physiologic purines adenine, guanine, and hypoxanthine, is a purine antagonist antimetabolite and an immunosuppressive agent.
No enhanced Uses information available for this drug.
Generic name: AZATHIOPRINE (AY-za-THYE-oh-preen)
Drug class: Purine Analogues
Therapeutic class: Immunosuppressive Agents
Azathioprine, a chemical analog of the physiologic purines adenine, guanine, and hypoxanthine, is a purine antagonist antimetabolite and an immunosuppressive agent.
No enhanced Uses information available for this drug.
DRUG IMAGES
AZATHIOPRINE 50 MG TABLET
AZATHIOPRINE 75 MG TABLET
AZATHIOPRINE 100 MG TABLET
The following indications for AZATHIOPRINE (azathioprine) have been approved by the FDA:
Indications:
Prevention of kidney transplant rejection
Rheumatoid arthritis
Professional Synonyms:
Arthritis deformans
Arthrosis deformans
Kidney transplant rejection prophylaxis
Nodose rheumatism
Renal transplant rejection prophylaxis
Rheumatic arthritis
Rheumatic gout
Indications:
Prevention of kidney transplant rejection
Rheumatoid arthritis
Professional Synonyms:
Arthritis deformans
Arthrosis deformans
Kidney transplant rejection prophylaxis
Nodose rheumatism
Renal transplant rejection prophylaxis
Rheumatic arthritis
Rheumatic gout
The following dosing information is available for AZATHIOPRINE (azathioprine):
Dosage of azathioprine must be carefully adjusted and individualized according to the patient's response and tolerance. Dosage may need to be reduced in patients with impaired renal function. (See Cautions: Precautions and Contraindications.) Dosage of azathioprine sodium is expressed in terms of azathioprine.
Azathioprine may be given as a single daily dose or in divided doses.
The manufacturers and some clinicians recommend that thiopurine methyl transferase (TPMT) phenotype or genotype be determined prior to initiation of azathioprine therapy, since risk of hematologic toxicity may be increased in patients with intermediate, low, or absent activity of the enzyme and decreased dosage or alternative therapy should be considered in these individuals. (See Pharmacokinetics: Elimination and see Cautions: Precautions and Contraindications.)
Azathioprine may be given as a single daily dose or in divided doses.
The manufacturers and some clinicians recommend that thiopurine methyl transferase (TPMT) phenotype or genotype be determined prior to initiation of azathioprine therapy, since risk of hematologic toxicity may be increased in patients with intermediate, low, or absent activity of the enzyme and decreased dosage or alternative therapy should be considered in these individuals. (See Pharmacokinetics: Elimination and see Cautions: Precautions and Contraindications.)
No enhanced Administration information available for this drug.
| DRUG LABEL | DOSING TYPE | DOSING INSTRUCTIONS |
|---|---|---|
| AZATHIOPRINE 50 MG TABLET | Maintenance | Adults take 1 tablet (50 mg) by oral route once daily |
| AZATHIOPRINE 75 MG TABLET | Maintenance | Adults take 1 tablet (75 mg) by oral route once daily |
| AZATHIOPRINE 100 MG TABLET | Maintenance | Adults take 1 tablet (100 mg) by oral route once daily |
| DRUG LABEL | DOSING TYPE | DOSING INSTRUCTIONS |
|---|---|---|
| AZATHIOPRINE 50 MG TABLET | Maintenance | Adults take 1 tablet (50 mg) by oral route once daily |
| AZATHIOPRINE 100 MG TABLET | Maintenance | Adults take 1 tablet (100 mg) by oral route once daily |
| AZATHIOPRINE 75 MG TABLET | Maintenance | Adults take 1 tablet (75 mg) by oral route once daily |
The following drug interaction information is available for AZATHIOPRINE (azathioprine):
There are 6 contraindications.
These drug combinations generally should not be dispensed or administered to the same patient. A manufacturer label warning that indicates the contraindication warrants inclusion of a drug combination in this category, regardless of clinical evidence or lack of clinical evidence to support the contraindication.
| Drug Interaction | Drug Names |
|---|---|
| Efalizumab; Natalizumab/Immunosuppressives; Immunomodulators SEVERITY LEVEL: 1-Contraindicated Drug Combination: This drug combination is contraindicated and generally should not be dispensed or administered to the same patient. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Natalizumab,(1-3) efalizumab,(4) immunosuppressives, and immunomodulators all suppress the immune system. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of natalizumab(1-3) or efalizumab(4) with immunosuppressives or immunomodulators may result in an increased risk of infections, including progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), an opportunistic infection caused by the JC virus (JCV). PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Previous JCV infection, longer duration of natalizumab treatment - especially if greater than 2 years, and prior or concomitant treatment with immunosuppressant medication are all independent risk factors which increase the risk for PML.(1,5) The FDA has estimated PML incidence stratified by risk factors: If anti-JCV antibody positive, no prior immunosuppressant use and natalizumab treatment less than 25 months, incidence <1/1,000. If anti-JCV antibody positive, history of prior immunosuppressant use and natalizumab treatment less than 25 months, incidence 2/1,000 If anti-JCV antibody positive, no prior immunosuppressant use and natalizumab treatment 25-48 months, incidence 4/1,000 If anti-JCV antibody positive, history of prior immunosuppressant use and natalizumab treatment 25-48 months, incidence 11/1,000. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The US manufacturer of natalizumab states patients with Crohn's disease should not receive concurrent immunosuppressants, with the exception of limited overlap of corticosteroids, due to the increased risk for PML. For new natalizumab patients currently receiving chronic oral corticosteroids for Crohn's Disease, begin corticosteroid taper when therapeutic response to natalizumab has occurred. If corticosteroids cannot be discontinued within six months of starting natalizumab, discontinue natalizumab.(3) The US manufacturer of natalizumab states that natalizumab should not ordinarily be used in multiple sclerosis patients receiving immunosuppressants or immunomodulators due to the increased risk for PML. Immunosuppressives include, but are not limited to azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine, mercaptopurine, methotrexate, mitoxantrone, mycophenolate, and corticosteroids.(3,6) The UK manufacturer of natalizumab states that concurrent use with immunosuppressives or antineoplastic agents is contraindicated.(1) The Canadian manufacturer of natalizumab states that natalizumab should not be used with immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory agents.(2) The US manufacturer of certolizumab states that concurrent therapy with natalizumab is not recommended.(7) DISCUSSION: Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy has been reported in patients receiving concurrent natalizumab were recently or concomitantly taking immunomodulators or immunosuppressants.(1-5,8,9) In a retrospective cohort study of multiple sclerosis patients newly initiated on a disease-modifying therapy, use of high-efficacy agents (alemtuzumab, natalizumab, or ocrelizumab) resulted in the same risk of overall infections as moderate-efficacy agents, but there was an elevated risk of serious infections (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 1.24, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.06-1.44) and UTIs (aHR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.14-1.30).(10) |
TYSABRI |
| Live Vaccines; Live BCG/Selected Immunosuppressive Agents SEVERITY LEVEL: 1-Contraindicated Drug Combination: This drug combination is contraindicated and generally should not be dispensed or administered to the same patient. MECHANISM OF ACTION: A variety of disease modifying agents suppress the immune system. Immunocompromised patients may be at increased risk for uninhibited replication after administration of live, attenuated vaccines or intravesicular BCG. Immune response to vaccines may be decreased during periods of immunocompromise.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: The expected serum antibody response may not be obtained and/or the vaccine may result in illness.(1) After instillation of intravesicular BCG, immunosuppression may interfere with local immune response, or increase the severity of mycobacterial infection following inadvertent systemic exposure.(2) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Immunosuppressive diseases (e.g. hematologic malignancies, HIV disease), treatments (e.g. radiation) and drugs may all increase the magnitude of immunodeficiency. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The Centers for Disease Control(CDC) Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) states that live-virus and live, attenuated vaccines should not be administered to patients who are immunocompromised. The magnitude of immunocompromise and associated risks should be determined by a physician.(1) For patients scheduled to receive chemotherapy, vaccination should ideally precede the initiation of chemotherapy by 14 days. Patients vaccinated while on immunosuppressive therapy or in the 2 weeks prior to starting therapy should be considered unimmunized and should be revaccinated at least 3 months after discontinuation of therapy.(1) Patients who receive anti-B cell therapies should not receive live vaccines for at least 6 months after such therapies due to a prolonged duration of immunosuppression. An exception is the Zoster vaccine, which can be given at least 1 month after receipt of anti-B cell therapies.(1) The US manufacturer of abatacept states live vaccines should not be given during or for up to 3 months after discontinuation of abatacept.(2) The US manufacturer of live BCG for intravesicular treatment of bladder cancer states use is contraindicated in immunosuppressed patients.(3) The US manufacturer of daclizumab states live vaccines are not recommended during and for up to 4 months after discontinuation of treatment.(4) The US manufacturer of guselkumab states that live vaccines should be avoided during treatment with guselkumab.(5) The US manufacturer of inebilizumab-cdon states that live vaccines are not recommended during treatment and after discontinuation until B-cell repletion. Administer all live vaccinations at least 4 weeks prior to initiation of inebilizumab-cdon.(6) The US manufacturer of ocrelizumab states that live vaccines are not recommended during treatment and until B-cell repletion occurs after discontinuation of therapy. Administer all live vaccines at least 4 weeks prior to initiation of ocrelizumab.(7) The US manufacturer of ozanimod states that live vaccines should be avoided during and for up to 3 months after discontinuation of ozanimod.(8) The US manufacturer of siponimod states that live vaccines are not recommended during treatment and for up to 4 weeks after discontinuation of treatment.(9) The US manufacturer of ustekinumab states BCG vaccines should not be given in the year prior to, during, or the year after ustekinumab therapy.(10) The US manufacturer of satralizumab-mwge states that live vaccines are not recommended during treatment and should be administered at least four weeks prior to initiation of satralizumab-mwge.(11) The US manufacturer of ublituximab-xiiy states that live vaccines are not recommended during treatment and until B-cell recovery. Live vaccines should be administered at least 4 weeks prior to initiation of ublituximab-xiiy.(12) The US manufacturer of etrasimod states that live vaccines should be avoided during and for 5 weeks after treatment. Live vaccines should be administered at least 4 weeks prior to initiation of etrasimod.(13) The US manufacturer of emapalumab-lzsg states that live vaccines should not be administered to patients receiving emapalumab-lzsg and for at least 4 weeks after the last dose of emapalumab-lzsg. The safety of immunization with live vaccines during or following emapalumab-lzsg therapy has not been studied.(14) DISCUSSION: Killed or inactivated vaccines do not pose a danger to immunocompromised patients.(1) Patients with a history of leukemia who are in remission and have not received chemotherapy for at least 3 months are not considered to be immunocompromised.(1) |
ACAM2000 (NATIONAL STOCKPILE), ADENOVIRUS TYPE 4, ADENOVIRUS TYPE 4 AND TYPE 7, ADENOVIRUS TYPE 7, BCG (TICE STRAIN), BCG VACCINE (TICE STRAIN), DENGVAXIA, ERVEBO (NATIONAL STOCKPILE), FLUMIST TRIVALENT 2024-2025, IXCHIQ, M-M-R II VACCINE, PRIORIX, PROQUAD, ROTARIX, ROTATEQ, STAMARIL, VARIVAX VACCINE, VAXCHORA ACTIVE COMPONENT, VAXCHORA VACCINE, VIVOTIF, YF-VAX |
| Azathioprine; Mercaptopurine/Febuxostat SEVERITY LEVEL: 1-Contraindicated Drug Combination: This drug combination is contraindicated and generally should not be dispensed or administered to the same patient. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Febuxostat may inhibit the metabolism of azathioprine and mercaptopurine by xanthine oxidase.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of febuxostat may result in elevated levels of and toxicity from azathioprine and mercaptopurine.(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Higher doses of the thiopurine would increase the risk for severe toxicity. Patients with reduced or absent thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) or nucleotide diphosphatase (NUDT15) activity are at higher risk of accumulating thiopurine metabolites and severe myelosuppression, since two thiopurine metabolism pathways would be blocked. Approximately 0.3 % of patients of European, Latino, or African descent have mutations of the TPMT gene resulting in little to no TPMT activity (homozygous deficiency), and approximately 10 % have intermediate TPMT activity (heterozygous deficiency). NUDT15 deficiency is not seen in patients of African descent and is seen in less than 1 % of patients of European descent. Approximately 1 % of patients of East Asian descent, 0.5 % of patients of central/south Asian descent, and 2 % of patients of Latino descent have homozygous NUDT15 deficiency. About 17 % of patients of East Asian descent, 13 % of patients of central/south Asian descent, and 8 % of patients of Latino descent have heterozygous NUDT15 deficiency.(2) PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The US manufacturer of febuxostat states that the concurrent use of azathioprine or mercaptopurine is contraindicated.(1) DISCUSSION: Azathioprine and mercaptopurine are metabolized by xanthine oxidase. Although no formal interaction studies with febuxostat have been performed, allopurinol, another xanthine oxidase inhibitor, has been shown to increase azathioprine and mercaptopurine levels. Febuxostat is expected to also increase levels of these agents, which could result in severe toxicity.(1) A review found 19 case reports of myelosuppressive adverse events with the combination of febuxostat and thiopurines including anemia, leukopenia, pancytopenia, and decreased red blood cells. Sixteen of the 19 cases resulted in hospitalization, and 17 of the 19 cases required one or more additional treatments including blood products, granulocyte or erythropoietin stimulating agents, antimicrobials, and immune globulin.(3) One or more of the drug pairs linked to this monograph have been included in a list of interactions that should be considered "high-priority" for inclusion and should not be inactivated in EHR systems. This DDI subset was vetted by an expert panel commissioned by the U.S. Office of the National Coordinator (ONC) for Health Information Technology. |
FEBUXOSTAT, ULORIC |
| Mercaptopurine/Azathioprine SEVERITY LEVEL: 1-Contraindicated Drug Combination: This drug combination is contraindicated and generally should not be dispensed or administered to the same patient. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Azathioprine is a pro-drug of mercaptopurine.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of azathioprine and mercaptopurine is a duplication of therapy. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Azathioprine and mercaptopurine should not be used concurrently.(2) DISCUSSION: A Crohn's disease pt. was given azathioprine (150mg/day). Another physician prescribed mercaptopurine (100mg/day). The patient took both medications and developed profound myelosuppression, severe sepsis, and later died.(2) |
MERCAPTOPURINE, PURIXAN |
| Talimogene laherparepvec/Selected Immunosuppressants SEVERITY LEVEL: 1-Contraindicated Drug Combination: This drug combination is contraindicated and generally should not be dispensed or administered to the same patient. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Talimogene laherparepvec is a live, attenuated herpes simplex virus.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of talimogene laherparepvec in patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy may cause a life-threatening disseminated herpetic infection.(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Talimogene laherparepvec is contraindicated in immunosuppressed patients.(1) The magnitude of immunocompromise and associated risks due to immunosuppressant drugs should be determined by a physician. DISCUSSION: Concurrent use of talimogene laherparepvec in patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy may cause a life-threatening disseminated herpetic infection.(1) |
IMLYGIC |
| Nadofaragene Firadenovec/Selected Immunosuppressants SEVERITY LEVEL: 1-Contraindicated Drug Combination: This drug combination is contraindicated and generally should not be dispensed or administered to the same patient. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Nadofaragene firadenovec may contain low levels of replication-competent adenovirus.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of nadofaragene firadenovec in patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy may cause disseminated adenovirus infection.(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Individuals who are immunosuppressed or immune-deficient should not receive nadofaragene firadenovec.(1) DISCUSSION: Nadofaragene firadenovec is a non-replicating adenoviral vector-based gene therapy but may contain low levels of replication-competent adenovirus. Immunocompromised persons, including those receiving immunosuppressant therapy, may be at risk for disseminated adenovirus infection.(1) |
ADSTILADRIN |
There are 20 severe interactions.
These drug interactions can produce serious consequences in most patients. Actions required for severe interactions include, but are not limited to, discontinuing one or both agents, adjusting dosage, altering administration scheduling, and providing additional patient monitoring. Review the full interaction monograph for more information.
| Drug Interaction | Drug Names |
|---|---|
| Thiopurines/Allopurinol; Oxypurinol SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Inhibition of xanthine oxidase leads to decreased thiopurine metabolism. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Potentiation of thiopurine effects, with increased bone marrow suppression. Fatalities have been reported. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Higher doses of the thiopurine would increase the risk for severe toxicity. Patients with reduced or absent thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) or nucleotide diphosphatase (NUDT15) activity are at higher risk of accumulating thiopurine metabolites and severe myelosuppression, since two thiopurine metabolism pathways would be blocked. Approximately 0.3 % of patients of European, Latino, or African descent have mutations of the TPMT gene resulting in little to no TPMT activity (homozygous deficiency), and approximately 10 % have intermediate TPMT activity (heterozygous deficiency). NUDT15 deficiency is not seen in patients of African descent and is seen in less than 1 % of patients of European descent. Approximately 1 % of patients of East Asian descent, 0.5 % of patients of central/south Asian descent, and 2 % of patients of Latino descent have homozygous NUDT15 deficiency. About 17 % of patients of East Asian descent, 13 % of patients of central/south Asian descent, and 8 % of patients of Latino descent have heterozygous NUDT15 deficiency. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Due to the magnitude and severity of this interaction, avoid the concurrent use of allopurinol and thiopurines without a dosage adjustment of the thiopurine, especially in patients with thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) deficiency. Consult the thiopurine prescriber prior to initiation of a xanthine oxidase inhibitor. Reduce the dose of azathioprine or mercaptopurine to one third to one quarter of the usual dose (a 66% to 75% reduction) in patients receiving allopurinol to decrease the risk for toxicity. A further dose reduction or alternative therapy is recommended in patients with low or absent TPMT activity. It would be prudent to reduce the dose of other thiopurines in patients receiving allopurinol, as well as decreasing the dose of these agents in patients taking oxypurinol. Patients should be closely monitored during concurrent therapy. DISCUSSION: The concurrent administration of either mercaptopurine or azathioprine with allopurinol has been shown to result in increases in the pharmacologic and toxic effects of the thiopurines. In one study in five patients, pretreatment with allopurinol increased the peak plasma concentration of mercaptopurine by 500%. The combination of dose-adjusted thiopurines and allopurinol has been used effectively in the treatment of auto-immune diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease. Oxypurinol is the major metabolite of allopurinol and is a non-competitive inhibitor of xanthine oxidase. |
ALLOPURINOL, ALLOPURINOL SODIUM, ALOPRIM, DUZALLO, ZYLOPRIM |
| TNF Blockers/Azathioprine; Mercaptopurine SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: The exact mechanism is unknown, but may involve additive or synergistic effects on the immune system. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of a TNF blocker with either azathioprine or mercaptopurine may increase the risk of hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma (HSTCL), a rare but usually fatal cancer.(1-3) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: The majority of reports of hepatosplenic T cell lymphoma in patients receiving concurrent TNF blockers with either azathioprine or mercaptopurine have occurred in patients with Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis; however, there is one report in a psoriasis patient and two reports in rheumatoid arthritis patients.(1) The majority of patients were adolescent or young males.(2) PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Patients receiving concurrent therapy with TNF blockers and either azathioprine or mercaptopurine should be counseled on the risk of developing hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma, a rare but usually fatal cancer. They should be counseled on the signs and symptoms of malignancies such as HSTCL, which may include splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, abdominal pain, persistent fever, night sweats, and weight loss. DISCUSSION: From initiation of TNF marketing to December 31, 2010, the FDA has received 28 reports of hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma (HSTCL) in patients receiving TNF blockers: infliximab (20), etanercept (1), adalimumab (2), infliximab/adalimumab (5), certolizumab (0), golimumab (0). In 22 of these cases, the patients were also receiving azathioprine or mercaptopurine (18 with infliximab, 4 with infliximab/adalimumab).(1) |
ABRILADA(CF), ABRILADA(CF) PEN, ABRILADA(CF) PEN (2 PACK), ADALIMUMAB-AACF(CF), ADALIMUMAB-AACF(CF) (2 PK), ADALIMUMAB-AACF(CF) PEN (2 PK), ADALIMUMAB-AACF(CF) PEN CROHNS, ADALIMUMAB-AACF(CF) PEN PS-UV, ADALIMUMAB-AATY(CF) (2 PACK), ADALIMUMAB-AATY(CF) (2 PK), ADALIMUMAB-AATY(CF) AI CROHNS, ADALIMUMAB-AATY(CF) AUTOINJ(2), ADALIMUMAB-AATY(CF) AUTOINJECT, ADALIMUMAB-ADAZ(CF), ADALIMUMAB-ADAZ(CF) PEN, ADALIMUMAB-ADBM(CF), ADALIMUMAB-ADBM(CF) PEN, ADALIMUMAB-ADBM(CF) PEN CROHNS, ADALIMUMAB-ADBM(CF) PEN PS-UV, ADALIMUMAB-ADBM(CF)PEN, ADALIMUMAB-FKJP(CF), ADALIMUMAB-FKJP(CF) PEN, ADALIMUMAB-RYVK(CF), ADALIMUMAB-RYVK(CF) AUTOINJECT, AMJEVITA(CF), AMJEVITA(CF) AUTOINJECTOR, AVSOLA, CIMZIA, CIMZIA (2 PACK), CYLTEZO(CF), CYLTEZO(CF) PEN, CYLTEZO(CF) PEN CROHN'S-UC-HS, CYLTEZO(CF) PEN PSORIASIS-UV, ENBREL, ENBREL MINI, ENBREL SURECLICK, HADLIMA, HADLIMA PUSHTOUCH, HADLIMA(CF), HADLIMA(CF) PUSHTOUCH, HULIO(CF), HULIO(CF) PEN, HUMIRA, HUMIRA PEN, HUMIRA(CF), HUMIRA(CF) PEN, HUMIRA(CF) PEN CROHN'S-UC-HS, HUMIRA(CF) PEN PSOR-UV-ADOL HS, HYRIMOZ, HYRIMOZ PEN, HYRIMOZ(CF), HYRIMOZ(CF) PEDIATRIC CROHN'S, HYRIMOZ(CF) PEN, HYRIMOZ(CF) PEN CROHN-UC START, HYRIMOZ(CF) PEN PSORIASIS, INFLECTRA, INFLIXIMAB, REMICADE, RENFLEXIS, SIMLANDI(CF), SIMLANDI(CF) AUTOINJECTOR, SIMPONI, SIMPONI ARIA, YUFLYMA(CF) (2 PACK), YUFLYMA(CF) AI CROHN'S-UC-HS, YUFLYMA(CF) AUTOINJECT (2 PCK), YUFLYMA(CF) AUTOINJECTOR, YUSIMRY(CF) PEN, ZYMFENTRA, ZYMFENTRA (2 PACK), ZYMFENTRA PEN (2 PACK) |
| Deferiprone/Selected Myelosuppressive Agents SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Concurrent use of deferiprone with other drugs known to be associated with neutropenia or agranulocytosis may increase the frequency or risk for severe toxicity.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of deferiprone and myelosuppressive agents may result in severe neutropenia or agranulocytosis, which may be fatal. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Agranulocytosis may be less common in patients receiving deferiprone for thalassemia, and more common in patients treated for other systemic iron overload conditions (e.g. myelodysplastic syndromes, sickle cell disease).(2,3) Inadequate monitoring appears to increase the risk for severe outcomes. Manufacturer post market surveillance found that in all fatal cases of agranulocytosis reported between 1999 and 2005, data on weekly white blood count (WBC) monitoring was missing. In three fatal cases, deferiprone was continued for two to seven days after the detection of neutropenia or agranulocytosis.(2) PATIENT MANAGEMENT: If possible, discontinue one of the drugs associated with risk for neutropenia or agranulocytosis. If alternative therapy is not available, documentation and adherence to the deferiprone monitoring protocol is essential. Baseline absolute neutrophil count (ANC) must be at least 1,500/uL prior to starting deferiprone. Monitor ANC weekly during therapy. If infection develops, interrupt deferiprone therapy and monitor ANC more frequently. If ANC is less than 1,500/uL but greater than 500/uL, discontinue deferiprone and any other drugs possibly associated with neutropenia. Initiate ANC and platelet counts daily until recovery (i.e. ANC at least 1,500/uL). If ANC is less than 500/uL, discontinue deferiprone, evaluate patient and hospitalize if appropriate. Do not resume deferiprone unless potential benefits outweigh potential risks.(1) DISCUSSION: Drugs linked to this monograph have an FDA Boxed Warning for risk of neutropenia, agranulocytosis, or pancytopenia, or have > 5% risk for neutropenia and/or warnings describing risk for myelosuppression in manufacturer prescribing information.(1-25) In pooled clinical studies submitted to the FDA, 6.1% of deferiprone patients met criteria for neutropenia and 1.7% of patients developed agranulocytosis.(1) The time to onset of agranulocytosis was highly variable with a range of 65 days to 9.2 years (median, 161 days).(3) |
DEFERIPRONE, DEFERIPRONE (3 TIMES A DAY), FERRIPROX, FERRIPROX (2 TIMES A DAY), FERRIPROX (3 TIMES A DAY) |
| Tofacitinib/Immunosuppressives; Immunomodulators SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Concurrent use of tofacitinib and azathioprine, other biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), or potent immunosuppressants may result in additive or synergistic effects on the immune system.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of tofacitinib and azathioprine, other biologic DMARDs, or potent immunosuppressants use may increase the risk of serious infections.(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Tofacitinib should not be used concurrently with azathioprine, other biologic DMARDs, or cyclosporine.(1) Patient should be monitored for decreases in lymphocytes and neutrophils. Therapy should be adjusted based on the indication. - For all indications: If absolute neutrophil count (ANC) or lymphocyte count is less than 500 cells/mm3, discontinue tofacitinib. - For rheumatoid arthritis or psoriatic arthritis and absolute neutrophil count (ANC) 500 to 1000 cells/mm3: interrupt dosing. When ANC is greater than 1000 cells/mm3, resume Xeljanz 5 mg twice daily or Xeljanz XR 11 mg once daily. - For ulcerative colitis and ANC 500 to 1000 cells/mm3: -If taking Xeljanz 10 mg twice daily, decrease to 5 mg twice daily. When ANC is greater than 1000 cells/mm3, increase to 10 mg twice daily based on clinical response. -If taking Xeljanz 5 mg twice daily, interrupt dosing. When ANC is greater than 1000 cells/mm3, resume 5 mg twice daily. -If taking Xeljanz XR 22 mg once daily, decrease to 11 mg once daily. When ANC is greater than 1000 cells/mm3, increase to 22 mg once daily based on clinical response. -If taking Xeljanz XR 11 mg once daily, interrupt dosing. When ANC is greater than 1000 cells/mm3, resume 11 mg once daily. - For polyarticular course juvenile idiopathic arthritis (pcJIA) and ANC 500 to 1000 cells/mm3: interrupt dosing until ANC is greater than 1000 cells/mm3.(1) DISCUSSION: Concurrent use of tofacitinib and azathioprine, other biologic DMARDs, or potent immunosuppressants may increase the risk of infection.(1) |
TOFACITINIB CITRATE, XELJANZ, XELJANZ XR |
| Clozapine/Selected Myelosuppressive Agents SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Clozapine and other myelosuppressive agents may be associated with neutropenia or agranulocytosis.(2) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Moderate neutropenia, even if due to combination therapy, may require abrupt discontinuation of clozapine resulting in decompensation of the patient's psychiatric disorder (e.g. schizophrenia). The disease treated by the myelosuppressive agent may be compromised if myelosuppression requires dose reduction, delay, or discontinuation of the myelosuppressive agent. Undetected severe neutropenia or agranulocytosis may be fatal. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Low white blood counts prior to initiation of the myelosuppressive agent may increase risk for clinically significant neutropenia. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: If a patient stabilized on clozapine therapy requires treatment with a myelosuppressive agent, the clozapine prescriber should consult with prescriber of the myelosuppressive agent (e.g. oncologist) to discuss treatment and monitoring options.(2) More frequent ANC monitoring or treatment alternatives secondary to neutropenic episodes may need to be considered. Clozapine is only available through a restricted distribution system which requires documentation of the absolute neutrophil count (ANC) prior to dispensing.(1-2) For most clozapine patients, clozapine treatment must be interrupted for a suspected clozapine-induced ANC < 1000 cells/microliter. For patients with benign ethnic neutropenia (BEN), treatment must be interrupted for suspected clozapine-induced neutropenia < 500 cells/microliter.(2) DISCUSSION: Clozapine is only available through a restricted distribution system which requires documentation of the ANC prior to dispensing.(1) Agents linked to this interaction generally have > 5% risk for neutropenia and/or warnings describing risk for myelosuppression in manufacturer prescribing information.(3-26) |
CLOZAPINE, CLOZAPINE ODT, CLOZARIL, VERSACLOZ |
| Azathioprine; Mercaptopurine/Methotrexate SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: The mechanism of this interaction has not been fully characterized. It has been suggested that methotrexate may inhibit the metabolism of mercaptopurine by xanthine oxidase.(1-3) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of methotrexate with azathioprine or mercaptopurine may increase the risk for elevated levels of and toxicity from mercaptopurine, including bone marrow suppression, neutropenia and hepatotoxicity.(1-3) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Larger doses of methotrexate may produce larger increases in mercaptopurine levels.(1-3) Patients with reduced or absent thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) or nucleotide diphosphatase (NUDT15) activity are at higher risk of accumulating thiopurine metabolites and severe myelosuppression. Approximately 0.3 % of patients of European, Latino, or African descent have mutations of the TPMT gene resulting in little to no TPMT activity (homozygous deficiency), and approximately 10 % have intermediate TPMT activity (heterozygous deficiency). NUDT15 deficiency is not seen in patients of African descent and is seen in less than 1 % of patients of European descent. Approximately 1 % of patients of East Asian descent, 0.5 % of patients of central/south Asian descent, and 2 % of patients of Latino descent have homozygous NUDT15 deficiency. About 17 % of patients of East Asian descent, 13 % of patients of central/south Asian descent, and 8 % of patients of Latino descent have heterozygous NUDT15 deficiency.(5) PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Monitor patients receiving concurrent therapy closely for myelosuppression and hepatotoxicity. The dose of azathioprine or mercaptopurine may need to be adjusted when administered concomitantly with high-dose methotrexate.(1-4) DISCUSSION: In a study in 14 pediatric patients with leukemia, methotrexate (20 mg/m2) increased the maximum concentration (Cmax) and area-under-curve (AUC) of mercaptopurine by 26% and 31%, respectively.(1,3) In a study in 10 pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 2 g/m2 of methotrexate increased the Cmax and AUC of mercaptopurine (25 mg/m2) by 108% and 69%, respectively. Administration of 5 g/m2 of methotrexate increased the Cmax and AUC of mercaptopurine (25 mg/m2) by 121% and 93%, respectively.(2-3) |
JYLAMVO, METHOTREXATE, METHOTREXATE SODIUM, OTREXUP, RASUVO, TREXALL, XATMEP |
| Selected Multiple Sclerosis Agents/Immunosuppressants; Immunomodulators SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Ocrelizumab or ofatumumab in combination with immunosuppressives and immune-modulators all suppress the immune system.(1,2) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of ocrelizumab or ofatumumab with immunosuppressive or immune-modulating agents may result in an increased risk of serious infections, such as disseminated herpetic infection or progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), an opportunistic infection caused by the JC virus (JCV).(1,2) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Incomplete washout of previously prescribed immunosuppressive or immune-modulating medications. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The ocrelizumab US prescribing information states: - Ocrelizumab and other immune-modulating or immunosuppressive therapies, (including immunosuppressant doses of corticosteroids) are expected to increase the risk of immunosuppression, and the risk of additive immune system effects must be considered if these therapies are coadministered with ocrelizumab. When switching from drugs with prolonged immune effects, such as daclizumab, fingolimod, natalizumab, teriflunomide, or mitoxantrone, the duration and mode of action of these drugs must be considered to avoid unintended additive immunosuppressive effects when initiating ocrelizumab.(1) The ofatumumab US prescribing information states: - Ofatumumab and other immunosuppressive therapies (including systemic corticosteroids) may have the potential for increased immunosuppressive effects and increase the risk of infection. When switching between therapies, the duration and mechanism of action of each therapy should be considered due to the potential for additive immunosuppressive effects. Ofatumumab for MS therapy has not been studied in combination with other MS agents that suppress the immune system.(2) DISCUSSION: Fatal disseminated herpes zoster and herpes simplex infections and cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) have been reported in patients who previously received immunomodulators or immunosuppressants.(1,2) In a retrospective cohort study of multiple sclerosis patients newly initiated on a disease-modifying therapy, use of high-efficacy agents (alemtuzumab, natalizumab, or ocrelizumab) resulted in the same risk of overall infections as moderate-efficacy agents, but there was an elevated risk of serious infections (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 1.24, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.06-1.44) and UTIs (aHR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.14-1.30).(3) |
KESIMPTA PEN, OCREVUS, OCREVUS ZUNOVO |
| Upadacitinib/Immunosuppressives; Immunomodulators SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Upadacitinib, immunosuppressives, and immunomodulators all suppress the immune system. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of upadacitinib with immunosuppressives or immunomodulators may result in an increased risk of serious infections. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The US manufacturer of upadacitinib states that concurrent use of upadacitinib with immunosuppressives or immunomodulators is not recommended. DISCUSSION: Serious infections have been reported in patients receiving upadacitinib. Reported infections included pneumonia, cellulitis, tuberculosis, multidermatomal herpes zoster, oral/esophageal candidiasis, cryptococcosis. Reports of viral reactivation, including herpes virus reactivation and hepatitis B reactivation, were reported in clinical studies with upadacitinib.(1) |
RINVOQ, RINVOQ LQ |
| Inebilizumab/Immunosuppressives; Immunomodulators SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Inebilizumab, immunosuppressives, and immunomodulators all suppress the immune system.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of inebilizumab with immunosuppressive or immunomodulating agents may result in myelosuppression including neutropenia resulting in an increased risk for serious infections.(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The US manufacturer of inebilizumab states that the concurrent use of inebilizumab with immunosuppressive agents, including systemic corticosteroids, may increase the risk of infection. If concurrent therapy is warranted, consider the risk of additive immune suppression and monitor based on prescribing information for both agents.(1) DISCUSSION: Inebilizumab has not been studied in combination with other immunosuppressants. If concurrent therapy is warranted, consider the potential for increased immunosuppressive risks from both agents. The most common infections reported by inebilizumab treated patients in the randomized and open-label clinical trial periods included urinary tract infections (20%), nasopharyngitis (13%), upper respiratory tract infections (8%), and influenza (7%). Although there been no cases of Hepatitis B virus reactivation or progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy reported in patients taking inebilizumab, these infections have been observed in patients taking other B-cell-depleting antibodies.(1) |
UPLIZNA |
| Baricitinib/Immunosuppressives; Immunomodulators SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Concurrent use of baricitinib with other biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) or potent immunosuppressants such as azathioprine or cyclosporine may result in additive or synergistic effects on the immune system. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of baricitinib with other biologic DMARDs or potent immunosuppressants such as azathioprine or cyclosporine may increase the risk of serious infections.(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The US manufacturer of baricitinib states that concurrent use of baricitinib with biologic DMARDs or potent immunosuppressants is not recommended.(1) DISCUSSION: Most patients who developed serious infections while being treated with baricitinib were on concomitant immunosuppressants like methotrexate and corticosteroids. The combination of baricitinib with other biologic DMARDs has not been studied.(1) |
OLUMIANT |
| Leflunomide; Teriflunomide/Selected Immunosuppressants SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Concurrent use of leflunomide or teriflunomide and potent immunosuppressants may result in additive or synergistic effects on the immune system.(1,2) Leflunomide is a prodrug and is converted to its active metabolite teriflunomide.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of leflunomide or teriflunomide with immunosuppressants may result in an increased risk of serious infections, including opportunistic infections, especially Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, tuberculosis (including extra-pulmonary tuberculosis), and aspergillosis. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: If leflunomide or teriflunomide is used concurrently with immunosuppressive agents, chronic CBC monitoring should be performed more frequently, every month instead of every 6 to 8 weeks. If bone marrow suppression or a serious infection occurs, leflunomide or teriflunomide should be stopped and rapid drug elimination procedure should be performed.(1,2) DISCUSSION: Pancytopenia, agranulocytosis and thrombocytopenia have been reported in patients receiving leflunomide or teriflunomide alone, but most frequently in patients taking concurrent immunosuppressants.(1,2) Severe and potentially fatal infections, including sepsis, have been reported in patients receiving leflunomide or teriflunomide, especially Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia and aspergillosis. Tuberculosis has also been reported.(1,2) |
ARAVA, AUBAGIO, LEFLUNICLO, LEFLUNOMIDE, TERIFLUNOMIDE |
| Ponesimod/Immunosuppressives; Immunomodulators SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Ponesimod in combination with immunosuppressives and immune-modulators all suppress the immune system.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of ponesimod with immunosuppressive or immune-modulating agents may result in an increased risk of serious infections, such as disseminated herpetic infection, cryptococcal infection, or progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), an opportunistic infection caused by the JC virus (JCV).(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Incomplete washout of previously prescribed immunosuppressive or immune-modulating medications. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The ponesimod US prescribing information states ponesimod has not been studied in combination with anti-neoplastic, immune-modulating, or immunosuppressive therapies. Caution should be used during concomitant administration because of the risk of additive immune effects during therapy and in the weeks following administration. When switching from drugs with prolonged immune effects, the half-life and mode of action of these drugs must be considered in order to avoid unintended additive immunosuppressive effects. Initiating treatment with ponesimod after alemtuzumab is not recommended. However, ponesimod can generally be started immediately after discontinuation of beta interferon or glatiramer acetate.(1) DISCUSSION: Fatal disseminated herpes zoster and herpes simplex infections, cryptococcal meningitis, disseminated cryptococcal infections, and cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) have been reported in patients who previously received immunomodulators or immunosuppressants.(1) |
PONVORY |
| Sodium Iodide I 131/Myelosuppressives; Immunomodulators SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Sodium iodide I 131 can cause depression of the hematopoetic system. Myelosuppressives and immunomodulators also suppress the immune system.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of sodium iodide I 131 with agents that cause bone marrow depression, including myelosuppressives or immunomodulators, may result in an enhanced risk of hematologic disorders, including anemia, blood dyscrasias, bone marrow depression, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. Bone marrow depression may increase the risk of serious infections and bleeding.(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The US manufacturer of sodium iodide I 131 states that concurrent use with bone marrow depressants may enhance the depression of the hematopoetic system caused by large doses of sodium iodide I 131.(1) Sodium iodide I 131 causes a dose-dependent bone marrow suppression, including neutropenia or thrombocytopenia, in the 3 to 5 weeks following administration. Patients may be at increased risk of infections or bleeding during this time. Monitor complete blood counts within one month of therapy. If results indicate leukopenia or thrombocytopenia, dosimetry should be used to determine a safe sodium iodide I 131 activity.(1) DISCUSSION: Hematologic disorders including death have been reported with sodium iodide I 131. The most common hematologic disorders reported include anemia, blood dyscrasias, bone marrow depression, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia.(1) |
HICON, SODIUM IODIDE I-131 |
| Fingolimod/Immunosuppressives; Immunomodulators SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Fingolimod in combination with immunosuppressives and immune-modulators all suppress the immune system.(1-3) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of fingolimod with immunosuppressive or immune-modulating agents may result in an increased risk of serious infections, such as disseminated herpetic infection or progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), an opportunistic infection caused by the JC virus (JCV).(1-3) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Incomplete washout of previously prescribed immunosuppressive or immune-modulating medications. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Recommendations for fingolimod regarding this interaction differ between regulatory approving agencies. The fingolimod US prescribing information states: - Antineoplastic, immune-modulating, or immunosuppressive therapies, (including corticosteroids) are expected to increase the risk of immunosuppression, and the risk of additive immune system effects must be considered if these therapies are coadministered with fingolimod. When switching from drugs with prolonged immune effects, such as natalizumab, teriflunomide or mitoxantrone, the duration and mode of action of these drugs must be considered to avoid unintended additive immunosuppressive effects when initiating fingolimod.(1) The fingolimod Canadian prescribing information states: - Concurrent use with immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory agents is contraindicated due to the risk of additive immune system effects. However, co-administration of a short course of corticosteroids (up to 5 days) did not increase the overall rate of infection in patients participating Phase III clinical trials.(2) The fingolimod UK specific product characteristics states: - Fingolimod is contraindicated in patients currently receiving immunosuppressive therapies or those immunocompromised by prior therapies. When switching patients from another disease modifying therapy to Gilenya, the half-life and mode of action of the other therapy must be considered in order to avoid an additive immune effect whilst at the same time minimizing the risk of disease activation.(3) DISCUSSION: Fatal disseminated herpes zoster and herpes simplex infections and cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) have been reported in patients who previously received immunomodulators or immunosuppressants.(1-3) |
FINGOLIMOD, GILENYA, TASCENSO ODT |
| Ozanimod/Immunosuppressives; Immunomodulators SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Ozanimod in combination with immunosuppressives and immune-modulators all suppress the immune system.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of ozanimod with immunosuppressive or immune-modulating agents may result in an increased risk of serious infections, such as disseminated herpetic infection or progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), an opportunistic infection caused by the JC virus (JCV).(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Incomplete washout of previously prescribed immunosuppressive or immune-modulating medications. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The ozanimod US prescribing information state this information regarding this interaction: -Ozanimod has not been studied in combination with anti-neoplastic, immune-modulating, or immunosuppressive therapies. Caution should be used during concomitant administration because of the risk of additive immune effects during therapy and in the week following administration. When switching from drugs with prolonged immune effects, the half-life and mode of action of these drugs must be considered in order to avoid unintended additive immunosuppressive effects. Initiating treatment with ozanimod after alemtuzumab is not recommended. However, ozanimod can generally be started immediately after discontinuation of beta interferon or glatiramer acetate.(1) DISCUSSION: Fatal disseminated herpes zoster and herpes simplex infections and cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) have been reported in patients who previously received immunomodulators or immunosuppressants.(1) |
ZEPOSIA |
| Siponimod/Immunosuppressives; Immunomodulators SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Siponimod in combination with immunosuppressives and immune-modulators all suppress the immune system.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of siponimod with immunosuppressive or immune-modulating agents may result in an increased risk of serious infections, such as disseminated herpetic infection or progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), an opportunistic infection caused by the JC virus (JCV).(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Incomplete washout of previously prescribed immunosuppressive or immune-modulating medications. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The siponimod US prescribing information state this information regarding this interaction: -Siponimod has not been studied in combination with anti-neoplastic, immune-modulating, or immunosuppressive therapies. Caution should be used during concomitant administration because of the risk of additive immune effects during therapy and in the week following administration. When switching from drugs with prolonged immune effects, the half-life and mode of action of these drugs must be considered in order to avoid unintended additive immunosuppressive effects. Initiating treatment with siponimod after alemtuzumab is not recommended. However, siponimod can generally be started immediately after discontinuation of beta interferon or glatiramer acetate.(1) DISCUSSION: Fatal disseminated herpes zoster and herpes simplex infections and cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) have been reported in patients who previously received immunomodulators or immunosuppressants.(1) |
MAYZENT |
| Cladribine/Immunosuppressives; Immunomodulators SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Cladribine in combination with immunosuppressives and immune-modulators all suppress the immune system.(1-2) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of cladribine with immunosuppressive or immune-modulating agents may result in an increased risk of serious infections, such as disseminated herpetic infection or progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), an opportunistic infection caused by the JC virus (JCV).(1-2) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Incomplete washout of previously prescribed immunosuppressive or immune-modulating medications. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Recommendations for cladribine regarding this interaction differ between regulatory approving agencies. The cladribine US prescribing information states: -Concomitant use with myelosuppressive or other immunosuppressive drugs is not recommended. Acute short-term therapy with corticosteroids can be administered. In patients who have previously been treated with immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive drugs, consider potential additive effect, the mode of action, and duration of effect of the other drugs prior to initiation of cladribine.(1) The cladribine Canadian prescribing information states: -Use of cladribine in immunocompromised patients is contraindicated because of a risk of additive effects on the immune system. Acute short-term therapy with corticosteroids can be administered during cladribine treatment.(2) DISCUSSION: Fatal disseminated herpes zoster and herpes simplex infections and cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) have been reported in patients who previously received immunomodulators or immunosuppressants.(1-2) |
CLADRIBINE, MAVENCLAD |
| Ritlecitinib/Immunosuppressives; Immunomodulators SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Ritlecitinib, immunosuppressives, and immunomodulators all suppress the immune system. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of ritlecitinib with immunosuppressives or immunomodulators may result in an increased risk of serious infections. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The US manufacturer of ritlecitinib states that concurrent use of ritlecitinib with other JAK inhibitors, biologic immunomodulators, cyclosporine or other potent immunosuppressants is not recommended.(1) DISCUSSION: Serious infections have been reported in patients receiving ritlecitinib. Reported infections included appendicitis, COVID-19 infection (including pneumonia), and sepsis. Reports of viral reactivation, including herpes virus reactivation was reported in clinical studies with ritlecitinib.(1) |
LITFULO |
| Etrasimod/Immunosuppressives; Immunomodulators SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Etrasimod causes reversible sequestration of lymphocytes in lymphoid tissues, resulting in a mean 55% decrease in peripheral blood lymphocyte count at 52 weeks.(1) Other immunosuppressives and immune-modulators also suppress the immune system. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of etrasimod with immunosuppressive or immune-modulating agents may result in an increased risk of serious and fatal infections, such as disseminated herpetic infection, cryptococcal infection, or progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML).(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Incomplete washout of previously prescribed immunosuppressive or immune-modulating medications increases the risk of adverse effects. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The etrasimod US prescribing information states etrasimod has not been studied in combination with anti-neoplastic, immune-modulating, or immunosuppressive therapies. Concomitant administration of these therapies with etrasimod should be avoided because of the risk of additive immune effects during therapy and in the weeks following administration. Etrasimod's effect on peripheral lymphocytes may persist for up to 5 weeks after discontinuation.(1) When switching from drugs with prolonged immune effects, the half-life and mode of action of these drugs must be considered in order to avoid unintended additive immunosuppressive effects.(1) DISCUSSION: Fatal disseminated herpes zoster and herpes simplex infections, cryptococcal meningitis, disseminated cryptococcal infections, and cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) have been reported in patients treated with other sphingosine-1 phosphate receptor modulators.(1) |
VELSIPITY |
| Ropeginterferon alfa-2b/Slt Immunosuppress; Immunomodulator SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Ropeginterferon alfa-2b and immunosuppressives both suppress the immune system. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of ropeginterferon alfa-2b with immunosuppressives may result in an increased risk of serious infections. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Avoid concurrent use of myelosuppressive agents.(1-2) If concurrent use cannot be avoided, monitor for effects of excessive immunosuppression. DISCUSSION: In clinical trials, 20% of patients experienced leukopenia. Interferon alfa products may cause fatal or life-threatening infections.(1-2) |
BESREMI |
There are 9 moderate interactions.
The clinician should assess the patient’s characteristics and take action as needed. Actions required for moderate interactions include, but are not limited to, discontinuing one or both agents, adjusting dosage, altering administration.
| Drug Interaction | Drug Names |
|---|---|
| Azathioprine/ACE Inhibitors SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: The exact mechanism is unknown. Azathioprine-induced impairment of hematopoiesis and ACE inhibitor-induced decreases in erythropoietin may result in additive effects on bone marrow.(1,2) CLINICAL EFFECTS: The concurrent use of azathioprine and an ACE inhibitor may result in anemia or leucopenia.(1-6) ACE inhibitors have been used to correct post-transplantation erythrocytosis in patients who also received azathioprine.(7) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Patients with reduced or absent thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) or nucleotide diphosphatase (NUDT15) activity are at higher risk of accumulating thiopurine metabolites and severe myelosuppression. Approximately 0.3 % of patients of European, Latino, or African descent have mutations of the TPMT gene resulting in little to no TPMT activity (homozygous deficiency), and approximately 10 % have intermediate TPMT activity (heterozygous deficiency). NUDT15 deficiency is not seen in patients of African descent and is seen in less than 1 % of patients of European descent. Approximately 1 % of patients of East Asian descent, 0.5 % of patients of central/south Asian descent, and 2 % of patients of Latino descent have homozygous NUDT15 deficiency. About 17 % of patients of East Asian descent, 13 % of patients of central/south Asian descent, and 8 % of patients of Latino descent have heterozygous NUDT15 deficiency.(8) PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Patients receiving concurrent therapy with azathioprine and an ACE inhibitor should be closely monitored for hematological changes. One of the agents may need to be discontinued. DISCUSSION: In a study in 15 kidney-transplant patients receiving azathioprine, enalapril and captopril were replaced by nifedipine or clonidine. Hematocrit and hemoglobin levels increased from 37.5% to 39.7% and from 12.8 g/dl to 13.5 g/dl, respectively,10 to 12 weeks after ACE inhibitor withdrawal. Reticulocytes and erythropoietin concentrations rose from 14.1/1000 to 20.6/1000 and from 14.3 mU/ml to 29.3m U/ml, respectively. There were no changes in azathioprine levels.(1) A retrospective review compared azathioprine-treated patients to patients receiving azathioprine and ACE inhibitors. Hematocrit, hemoglobin, and haptoglobin levels were significantly lower in the group receiving ACE inhibitors, 19.7%, 17.2%, and 45%, respectively.(2) Three case reports document the development of leucopenia during the concurrent administration of captopril and azathioprine.(3-5) Another case report documented the development of anemia with concurrent enalapril and azathioprine.(6) Enalapril has been used to treat post-renal transplant erythrocytosis in patients receiving azathioprine.(7) |
ACCUPRIL, ACCURETIC, ALTACE, AMLODIPINE BESYLATE-BENAZEPRIL, BENAZEPRIL HCL, BENAZEPRIL-HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE, CAPTOPRIL, CAPTOPRIL-HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE, ENALAPRIL MALEATE, ENALAPRIL-HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE, ENALAPRILAT, EPANED, FOSINOPRIL SODIUM, FOSINOPRIL-HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE, LISINOPRIL, LISINOPRIL-HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE, LOTENSIN, LOTENSIN HCT, LOTREL, MOEXIPRIL HCL, PERINDOPRIL ERBUMINE, PRESTALIA, QBRELIS, QUINAPRIL HCL, QUINAPRIL-HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE, RAMIPRIL, TRANDOLAPRIL, TRANDOLAPRIL-VERAPAMIL ER, VASERETIC, VASOTEC, ZESTORETIC, ZESTRIL |
| Warfarin/Azathioprine SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: The exact mechanism is unknown. Azathioprine has been shown to decrease warfarin concentrations.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of azathioprine may result in decreased effectiveness of warfarin. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Patients maintained on warfarin should be closely monitored if azathioprine is initiated or discontinued. The dosage of warfarin may need to be adjusted. DISCUSSION: In a case report, a 50 year-old female had been maintained on warfarin at a dosage of 40 mg weekly for 2 years with INR values around 3. During azathioprine therapy, her warfarin dosage requirements increased to 100-150 mg weekly with resultant INR values of 1.5-1.95. Following the discontinuation of azathioprine, her INR value increased to 8.3 and the dose of warfarin was decreased to 40 mg weekly.(1) In a case report, a 32 year-old female had received a six week course of warfarin at a dosage of 35 mg weekly. Ten days after warfarin completion, azathioprine was initiated and 9 days later the patient developed a deep vein thrombosis. While on azathioprine, the patient required a dose of warfarin of 120 mg weekly to maintain an INR of 2.0-3.0.(2) In a case report, a 41 year-old female had been maintained on warfarin at a dosage of 5 mg daily with therapeutic INR values. Following the addition of azathioprine to her regimen, she required a daily dose of warfarin of 12 mg to achieve a therapeutic INR.(3) In a case report, a patient maintained on azathioprine required a daily dose of warfarin of 17 mg daily to maintain a therapeutic prothrombin time. Following the discontinuation of azathioprine, the patient developed intermittent epistaxis over a 6 week period. The patient was admitted with hematemesis and a prothrombin time of 32 seconds. Warfarin was held and later restarted at a daily dose of 5 mg.(4) In a case report, a 30 year-old female maintained on azathioprine and prednisolone required a daily warfarin dose of 20 mg. Warfarin dosage required decreasing to 11 mg daily during azathioprine tapering from 150 mg to 50 mg daily. When azathioprine was reintroduced, the patient's INR fell to 1.3 and warfarin had to be increased to 17 mg daily to maintain and INR of 2.4.(5) In a case report, a 67 year-old female was treated with warfarin (24 mg weekly) for over three years. After the initiation of azathioprine (150 mg daily), warfarin dosage was increased to a mean dose of 60 to 75 mg weekly over the next 18 months. Her dose of azathioprine was then increased to 200 mg daily and her warfarin dosage was increased to a mean dose of 130 mg weekly to compensate for subtherapeutic INR levels. Her INR value before azathioprine discontinuation was 1.8. Four weeks following azathioprine discontinuation her INR was 14.0.(6) |
JANTOVEN, WARFARIN SODIUM |
| Azathioprine; Mercaptopurine/Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: The combination of antimetabolite properties of either azathioprine or mercaptopurine with the inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase by sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim may result in cytopenias.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of either azathioprine or mercaptopurine with sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim may result in leucopenia,(2,3) neutropenia, or thrombocytopenia,(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Renal transplant patients(2), especially those within 60 days of transplant,(3) may be predisposed to this interaction. Patients with reduced or absent thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) or nucleotide diphosphatase (NUDT15) activity are at higher risk of accumulating thiopurine metabolites and severe myelosuppression. Approximately 0.3 % of patients of European, Latino, or African descent have mutations of the TPMT gene resulting in little to no TPMT activity (homozygous deficiency), and approximately 10 % have intermediate TPMT activity (heterozygous deficiency). NUDT15 deficiency is not seen in patients of African descent and is seen in less than 1 % of patients of European descent. Approximately 1 % of patients of East Asian descent, 0.5 % of patients of central/south Asian descent, and 2 % of patients of Latino descent have homozygous NUDT15 deficiency. About 17 % of patients of East Asian descent, 13 % of patients of central/south Asian descent, and 8 % of patients of Latino descent have heterozygous NUDT15 deficiency.(4) PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Patients receiving this combination should be closely monitored for cytopenias. DISCUSSION: In a retrospective review of 40 renal transplant patients, 25 received azathioprine alone, 6 received azathioprine with sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim prophylaxis, and 9 received sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim for treatment of a urinary tract infection (UTI). Patients in the prophylaxis group had an increased incidence and duration of neutropenia and thrombocytopenia compared to patients receiving azathioprine alone. There were no differences in the incidence or duration of neutropenia or thrombocytopenia between patients receiving azathioprine alone or with concurrent sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim for UTI treatment. In a study of renal transplant patients, 4 of 14 patients maintained on azathioprine developed leucopenia following the addition of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim for the treatment of UTI. In 3 patients, the leucopenia developed within 2 days of the initiation of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim.(3) In contrast to these reports, a retrospective review of 94 renal transplant patients found that the incidence of leucopenia with concurrent azathioprine and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim was not significantly different than the incidence with concurrent azathioprine and other antibiotics.(5) |
BACTRIM, BACTRIM DS, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE-TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFATRIM |
| Azathioprine/Ribavirin SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Ribavirin inhibits inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMDH), which leads to accumulation of 6-methylthioinosine monophosphate (6-MTITP), a metabolite of azathioprine that is associated with myelotoxicity (neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia).(1,2) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of ribavirin and azathioprine may increase the risk of severe pancytopenia, bone marrow suppression, and azathioprine-related myelotoxicity. Pancytopenia and/or bone marrow suppression has typically developed within 3 to 7 weeks after initiation of concurrent therapy and has reversed within 4 to 6 weeks of withdrawing concurrent therapy.(1,2) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Concurrent use of interferon may make the interaction more severe and/or likely.(1) Patients with reduced or absent thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) or nucleotide diphosphatase (NUDT15) activity are at higher risk of accumulating thiopurine metabolites and severe myelosuppression. Approximately 0.3 % of patients of European, Latino, or African descent have mutations of the TPMT gene resulting in little to no TPMT activity (homozygous deficiency), and approximately 10 % have intermediate TPMT activity (heterozygous deficiency). NUDT15 deficiency is not seen in patients of African descent and is seen in less than 1 % of patients of European descent. Approximately 1 % of patients of East Asian descent, 0.5 % of patients of central/south Asian descent, and 2 % of patients of Latino descent have homozygous NUDT15 deficiency. About 17 % of patients of East Asian descent, 13 % of patients of central/south Asian descent, and 8 % of patients of Latino descent have heterozygous NUDT15 deficiency.(3) PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Patients receiving concurrent azathioprine and ribavirin should have complete blood counts, including platelet counts, weekly during the first month of therapy, then twice monthly for the second and third months of treatment, then monthly or more frequently if therapy changes are made.(1,2) If pancytopenia develops, discontinue concurrent therapy and do not reintroduce concurrent therapy.(1) The UK manufacturer of mercaptopurine states that concomitant administration of ribavirin and mercaptopurine is not advised.(7) DISCUSSION: Pancytopenia, bone marrow suppression, and azathioprine-related myelotoxicity have been reported with concurrent use of azathioprine and ribavirin.(1,2,4-6) Pancytopenia and/or bone marrow suppression has typically developed within 3 to 7 weeks after initiation of concurrent therapy and has reversed within 4 to 6 weeks of withdrawing concurrent therapy.(1) |
RIBAVIRIN |
| Azathioprine; Mercaptopurine/Aminosalicylate Derivatives SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: The exact mechanism is not known. Aminosalicylic acid and its derivatives (balsalazide, mesalamine, olsalazine, sulfasalazine) may inhibit azathioprine or mercaptopurine inactivation via the thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) pathway. Aminosalicylates, azathioprine and mercaptopurine are all associated risk for neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia and so these risks could be additive. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of azathioprine or mercaptopurine with aminosalicylates may increase the risk for anemia, neutropenia, or thrombocytopenia. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Patients with reduced or absent thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) or nucleotide diphosphatase (NUDT15) activity are at higher risk of accumulating thiopurine metabolites and severe myelosuppression. Approximately 0.3 % of patients of European, Latino, or African descent have mutations of the TPMT gene resulting in little to no TPMT activity (homozygous deficiency), and approximately 10 % have intermediate TPMT activity (heterozygous deficiency). NUDT15 deficiency is not seen in patients of African descent and is seen in less than 1 % of patients of European descent. Approximately 1 % of patients of East Asian descent, 0.5 % of patients of central/south Asian descent, and 2 % of patients of Latino descent have homozygous NUDT15 deficiency. About 17 % of patients of East Asian descent, 13 % of patients of central/south Asian descent, and 8 % of patients of Latino descent have heterozygous NUDT15 deficiency. Added risk for myelosuppression would be expected in patients who also receive allopurinol or other agents which block xanthine oxidase (XO), the other major inactivation pathway for azathioprine and mercaptopurine. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Use the lowest possible dose of each drug and monitor closely for myelosuppression. DISCUSSION: Manufacturer prescribing information states that concurrent use of aminosalicylates with azathioprine or mercaptopurine has been reported to cause bone marrow suppression. In a prospective study, 22 inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients on concurrent 5-aminosalicylate with (2 g daily and later increased to 4 g daily) with azathioprine had increased levels of 6-thioguanine (6-TGN) metabolites. One patient had signs of myelosuppression.(3) A prospective study in 183 IBD patients on concurrent 5-aminosalicylic acid and thiopurines found no significant interaction between thiopurines and 5-aminosalicylic acid.(4) A retrospective study in 199 IBD patients reported an increased rate of adverse events in the dual 5-aminosalicylates and azathioprine dual therapy group compared (48%) to the monotherapy azathioprine group (30%)(chi = 6.4, p = 0.05). Discontinuation of azathioprine because of adverse events was higher in the dual therapy group (52% vs. 24%).(5) In a prospective study, 16 Crohn's disease patients on a stable dose of azathioprine with sulfasalazine or mesalamine discontinued the aminosalicylate after 3 months, which resulted in an average decrease 0f 10% in 6-TGN levels. Myelosuppression may be related to increased levels of 6-TGN.(6) In a 8 week non-randomized parallel group drug interaction study, 34 patients with Crohn's disease receiving azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine with mesalamine (4 g/day), or sulfasalazine (4 g/day), or balsalazide (6.75 g/day) had a high frequency of leukopenia (20-55%) and significant increases in whole blood 6-TGN levels.(7) A 16 year-old Crohn's disease patient on concurrent 6-mercaptopurine (75 mg) and olsalazine (1000 mg) developed leukopenia (WBC count 1.7 x 10*9/L, ANC 1.309 x 10*9/L, hemoglobulin 113 gm/L, platelet count 550 x 10*9/L) and required a dose reduction for 6-mercaptopurine. Another episode occurred later on after increasing her dose of olsalazine and 6-mercaptopurine which resulted in discontinuation of olsalazine.(8) An in vitro study showed that sulfasalazine and other aminosalicylate derivatives were able to inhibit recombinant human TPMT.(9) In a prospective study, 17 IBD patients on stable mercaptopurine and mesalamine therapy had a 23% reduction in 6-TGN levels after discontinuing mercaptopurine.(10) |
5-AMINOSALICYLIC ACID, AMINOSALICYLIC ACID, APRISO, AZULFIDINE, BALSALAZIDE DISODIUM, CANASA, COLAZAL, DELZICOL, DIPENTUM, LIALDA, MESALAMINE, MESALAMINE DR, MESALAMINE ER, PASER, PENTASA, ROWASA, SFROWASA, SODIUM 4-AMINOSALICYLATE, SULFASALAZINE, SULFASALAZINE DR |
| COVID-19 Vaccines/Immunosuppressives; Immunomodulators SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Immunosuppressants and immunomodulators may prevent the immune system from properly responding to the COVID-19 vaccine.(1,2) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Administration of a COVID-19 vaccine with immunosuppressants or immunomodulators may interfere with vaccine-induced immune response and impair the efficacy of the vaccine. However, patients should be offered and given a COVID-19 vaccine even if the use and timing of immunosuppressive agents cannot be adjusted.(1,2) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: In an effort to optimize COVID-19 vaccine response, the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) published conditional recommendations for administration of COVID-19 vaccines with immunosuppressants and immunomodulators.(1) The CDC also provides clinical considerations for COVID-19 vaccination in patients on immunosuppressants.(2) The CDC states that all immunocompromised patients over 6 months of age should receive at least 1 dose of COVID-19 vaccine if eligible. See the CDC's Interim Clinical Considerations for Use of COVID-19 Vaccines for specific recommendations based on age, vaccination history, and vaccine manufacturer.(2) The ACR states that in general, immunosuppressants and immunomodulators should be held for 1-2 weeks after each vaccine dose. See below for specific recommendations for certain agents.(1) The CDC advises planning for vaccination at least 2 weeks before starting or resuming immunosuppressive therapy.(2) Patients should be offered and given a COVID-19 vaccine even if the use and timing of immunosuppressive agents cannot be adjusted.(1,2) B-cell depleting agents, including rituximab: The ACR recommends consulting with the rheumatologist to determine optimal timing of COVID-19 vaccination. Measuring CD19 B cells may be considered to determine need for a booster vaccine dose. If B cell levels are not measured, a supplemental vaccine dose 2-4 weeks before the next scheduled dose of rituximab is recommended.(1) The CDC states that the utility of B-cell quantification to guide clinical care is not known and is not recommended. Patients who receive B-cell depleting therapy should receive COVID-19 vaccines about 4 weeks before the next scheduled dose. For patients who received 1 or more doses of COVID-19 vaccine during treatment with B-cell-depleting therapies that were administered over a limited period (e.g., as part of a treatment regimen for certain malignancies), revaccination may be considered. The suggested interval to start revaccination is about 6 months after completion of the B-cell-depleting therapy.(2) Abatacept: - Subcutaneous abatacept should be withheld for 1-2 weeks after each vaccine dose, as disease activity allows. - For intravenous abatacept, time administration so that vaccination will occur 1 week before the next abatacept infusion.(1) Cyclophosphamide: When feasible, administer cyclophosphamide one week after each COVID-19 vaccine dose.(1) Recipients of hematopoietic cell transplant or CAR-T-cell therapy who received one or more doses of COVID-19 vaccine prior to or during treatment should undergo revaccination following the current CDC recommendations for unvaccinated patients. Revaccination should start at least 3 months (12 weeks) after transplant or CAR-T-cell therapy.(2) TNF-alpha inhibitors and cytokine inhibitors: The ACR was not able to reach consensus on whether to modify dosing or timing of these agents with COVID-19 vaccination.(1) The CDC includes these agents in their general recommendation to hold therapy for at least 2 weeks following vaccination.(2) DISCUSSION: The ACR convened a COVID-19 Vaccine Guidance Task Force to provide guidance on optimal use of COVID-19 vaccines in rheumatology patients. These recommendations are based on limited clinical evidence of COVID-19 vaccines in patients without rheumatic and musculoskeletal disorders and evidence of other vaccines in this patient population.(1) The ACR recommendation for rituximab is based on studies of humoral immunity following receipt of other vaccines. These studies have uncertain generalizability to vaccination against COVID-19, as it is unknown if efficacy is attributable to induction of host T cells versus B cell (antibody-based) immunity.(1) The ACR recommendation for mycophenolate is based on preexisting data of mycophenolate on non-COVID-19 vaccine immunogenicity. Emerging data suggests that mycophenolate may impair SARS-CoV-2 vaccine response in rheumatic and musculoskeletal disease and transplant patients.(1) The ACR recommendation for methotrexate is based on data from influenza vaccines and pneumococcal vaccines with methotrexate.(1) The ACR recommendation for JAK inhibitors is based on concerns related to the effects of JAK inhibitors on interferon signaling that may result in a diminished vaccine response.(1) The ACR recommendation for subcutaneous abatacept is based on several studies suggesting a negative effect of abatacept on vaccine immunogenicity. The first vaccine dose primes naive T cells, naive T cell priming is inhibited by CTLA-4, and abatacept is a CTLA-4Ig construct. CTLA-4 should not inhibit boosts of already primed T cells at the time of the second vaccine dose.(1) |
COMIRNATY 2024-2025, MODERNA COVID 24-25(6M-11Y)EUA, NOVAVAX COVID 2024-2025 (EUA), PFIZER COVID 2024-25(5-11Y)EUA, PFIZER COVID 2024-25(6M-4Y)EUA, SPIKEVAX 2024-2025 |
| Sarilumab/Immunosuppressives; Immunomodulators SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Sarilumab, immunosuppressives, and immunomodulators all suppress the immune system.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of sarilumab with immunosuppressive or immunomodulating agents may result in an increased risk for serious infections.(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The US manufacturer of sarilumab recommends caution because the concurrent use of sarilumab with immunosuppressive agents may increase the risk of infection. If concurrent therapy is warranted, consider the risk of additive immune suppression and monitor based on prescribing information for both agents.(1) DISCUSSION: Sarilumab was studied as monotherapy and in combination with methotrexate or conventional disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) in rheumatoid arthritis studies. Sarilumab has not been studied with biological DMARDs and concurrent use should be avoided. If concurrent therapy is warranted, consider the potential for increased immunosuppressive risks from both agents.(1) The most common infections reported by sarilumab treated patients in the clinical trial periods included pneumonia and cellulitis. Serious bacterial, mycobacterial, fungal, and viral infections were observed in patients receiving sarilumab. Cases of tuberculosis, candidiasis, and pneumocystis with sarilumab have been reported.(1) |
KEVZARA |
| Ublituximab/Immunosuppressives; Immunomodulators SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Ublituximab, immunosuppressives, and immunomodulators all suppress the immune system.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of ublituximab with immunosuppressive or immunomodulating agents may result in an increased risk for serious infections.(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Incomplete washout of previously prescribed immunosuppressive or immune-modulating medications. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The US manufacturer of ublituximab recommends caution because the concurrent use of ublituximab with immunomodulating or immunosuppressive agents, including immunosuppressant doses of corticosteroids, may increase the risk of infection.(1) If concurrent therapy is warranted, consider the risk of additive immune suppression and monitor based on prescribing information for both agents. When switching from agents with immune effects, the half-life and mechanism of action of these drugs must be taken into consideration in order to prevent additive immunosuppressive effects.(1) DISCUSSION: The most common infections reported by ublituximab-treated patients in the clinical trial periods included upper respiratory tract infections and urinary tract infections. Serious, including life-threatening or fatal, bacterial and viral infections were observed in patients receiving ublituximab.(1) Serious and/or fatal bacterial, fungal, and new or reactivated viral infections have been associated with other anti-CD20 B-cell depleting therapies. There were no cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) reported during the clinical trials; however, there have been reports of PML during or following completion of other anti-CD20 B-cell depleting therapies.(1) |
BRIUMVI |
| Tocilizumab/Immunosuppressives; Immunomodulators SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Tocilizumab, immunosuppressives, and immunomodulators all suppress the immune system.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of tocilizumab with immunosuppressive or immunomodulating agents may result in an increased risk for serious infections.(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The US manufacturer of tocilizumab recommends caution because the concurrent use of tocilizumab with immunosuppressive agents may increase the risk of infection. If concurrent therapy is warranted, consider the risk of additive immune suppression and monitor based on prescribing information for both agents.(1) DISCUSSION: Tocilizumab was studied as monotherapy and in combination with methotrexate, non-biologic DMARDs or corticosteroids, depending on the indication. Tocilizumab has not been studied with biological DMARDs and concurrent use should be avoided. If concurrent therapy is warranted, consider the potential for increased immunosuppressive risks from both agents.(1) The most common infections reported by tocilizumab treated patients in the clinical trial periods included pneumonia, urinary tract infection, cellulitis, herpes zoster, gastroenteritis, diverticulitis, sepsis and bacterial arthritis. Serious bacterial, mycobacterial, fungal, and viral infections were observed in patients receiving tocilizumab. Cases of tuberculosis, cryptococcus, aspergillosis, candidiasis, and pneumocystosis have been reported.(1) |
ACTEMRA, ACTEMRA ACTPEN, TOFIDENCE, TYENNE, TYENNE AUTOINJECTOR |
The following contraindication information is available for AZATHIOPRINE (azathioprine):
Drug contraindication overview.
No enhanced Contraindications information available for this drug.
No enhanced Contraindications information available for this drug.
There are 2 contraindications.
Absolute contraindication.
| Contraindication List |
|---|
| Hepatosplenic t-cell lymphoma |
| Malignant lymphoma |
There are 12 severe contraindications.
Adequate patient monitoring is recommended for safer drug use.
| Severe List |
|---|
| Anemia |
| Chronic kidney disease stage 3A (moderate) GFR 45-59 ml/min |
| Chronic kidney disease stage 3B (moderate) GFR 30-44 ml/min |
| Chronic kidney disease stage 4 (severe) GFR 15-29 ml/min |
| Chronic kidney disease stage 5 (failure) GFr<15 ml/min |
| Infection |
| Leukopenia |
| NUDt15 poor metabolizer |
| Pregnancy |
| Thrombocytopenic disorder |
| TPMT intermediate metabolizer |
| TPMT poor metabolizer |
There are 1 moderate contraindications.
Clinically significant contraindication, where the condition can be managed or treated before the drug may be given safely.
| Moderate List |
|---|
| Kidney disease with likely reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFr) |
The following adverse reaction information is available for AZATHIOPRINE (azathioprine):
Adverse reaction overview.
No enhanced Common Adverse Effects information available for this drug.
No enhanced Common Adverse Effects information available for this drug.
There are 18 severe adverse reactions.
| More Frequent | Less Frequent |
|---|---|
|
Infection Leukopenia Megaloblastic anemia |
Anemia Thrombocytopenic disorder |
| Rare/Very Rare |
|---|
|
Abnormal hepatic function tests Acute myeloid leukemia Acute pancreatitis Hepatic veno-occlusive disease Hepatitis Hepatosplenic t-cell lymphoma Interstitial pneumonitis Macrophage activation syndrome Malignant lymphoma Neoplasm Pancytopenia Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy Sweet's syndrome |
There are 11 less severe adverse reactions.
| More Frequent | Less Frequent |
|---|---|
|
Nausea Vomiting |
Skin rash |
| Rare/Very Rare |
|---|
|
Alopecia Arthralgia Diarrhea Fever Hypotension Malaise Myalgia Steatorrhea |
The following precautions are available for AZATHIOPRINE (azathioprine):
No enhanced Pediatric Use information available for this drug.
Contraindicated
Severe Precaution
Management or Monitoring Precaution
Contraindicated
| None |
Severe Precaution
| None |
Management or Monitoring Precaution
| None |
Azathioprine is teratogenic in rabbits and mice when given in dosages equivalent to the human dosage (5 mg/kg daily). Abnormalities included skeletal malformations and visceral anomalies. Azathioprine can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman.
Limited immunologic and other abnormalities have occurred in some infants born to renal transplant recipients who received azathioprine. Lymphopenia, decreased IgG and IgM concentrations, cytomegalovirus infection, and a decreased thymic shadow were observed in one infant whose mother had received 150 mg of azathioprine and 30 mg of prednisone daily throughout pregnancy; most of these findings had apparently normalized by 10 weeks of age. Pancytopenia and severe immunodeficiency were reported in a premature infant whose mother received 125 mg of azathioprine and 12.5
mg of prednisone throughout pregnancy. Preaxial polydactyly was observed in one infant whose mother received 200 mg of azathioprine daily and 20 mg of prednisone every other day during pregnancy, while a large myelomeningocele in the upper lumbar region and bilateral lower limb deformities were reported in another infant whose father was receiving long-term azathioprine therapy. Azathioprine should not be used during pregnancy unless the potential benefits outweigh the possible risks; whenever possible, use of the drug during pregnancy should be avoided.
If azathioprine is used during pregnancy or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking the drug, the patient should be informed about the potential hazard to the fetus. Women of childbearing potential should be advised to avoid becoming pregnant. The manufacturer states that azathioprine should not be used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in pregnant women.
Some clinicians state that, because of the potential for carcinogenesis and unknown long-term effects on fetal immunosuppression, use of azathioprine in pregnancy should be limited to women with severe or life-threatening rheumatoid arthritis. If azathioprine is administered during pregnancy, serious neonatal leukopenia and thrombocytopenia may be prevented by reducing the azathioprine dosage at 32 weeks' gestation; close prenatal monitoring for growth and long-term follow-up of offspring are essential.
Limited immunologic and other abnormalities have occurred in some infants born to renal transplant recipients who received azathioprine. Lymphopenia, decreased IgG and IgM concentrations, cytomegalovirus infection, and a decreased thymic shadow were observed in one infant whose mother had received 150 mg of azathioprine and 30 mg of prednisone daily throughout pregnancy; most of these findings had apparently normalized by 10 weeks of age. Pancytopenia and severe immunodeficiency were reported in a premature infant whose mother received 125 mg of azathioprine and 12.5
mg of prednisone throughout pregnancy. Preaxial polydactyly was observed in one infant whose mother received 200 mg of azathioprine daily and 20 mg of prednisone every other day during pregnancy, while a large myelomeningocele in the upper lumbar region and bilateral lower limb deformities were reported in another infant whose father was receiving long-term azathioprine therapy. Azathioprine should not be used during pregnancy unless the potential benefits outweigh the possible risks; whenever possible, use of the drug during pregnancy should be avoided.
If azathioprine is used during pregnancy or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking the drug, the patient should be informed about the potential hazard to the fetus. Women of childbearing potential should be advised to avoid becoming pregnant. The manufacturer states that azathioprine should not be used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in pregnant women.
Some clinicians state that, because of the potential for carcinogenesis and unknown long-term effects on fetal immunosuppression, use of azathioprine in pregnancy should be limited to women with severe or life-threatening rheumatoid arthritis. If azathioprine is administered during pregnancy, serious neonatal leukopenia and thrombocytopenia may be prevented by reducing the azathioprine dosage at 32 weeks' gestation; close prenatal monitoring for growth and long-term follow-up of offspring are essential.
Azathioprine or its metabolites are distributed into milk. Because of the potential for tumorigenicity associated with the drug, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or the drug taking into account the importance of the drug to the woman.
No enhanced Geriatric Use information available for this drug.
The following prioritized warning is available for AZATHIOPRINE (azathioprine):
WARNING: Azathioprine may rarely increase your risk of developing certain types of cancer (such as lymphoma, skin cancer). This risk is higher in people using azathioprine after an organ transplant and in children/young adults being treated for certain bowel diseases (such as Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis). Keep all medical and lab appointments.
Tell your doctor right away if you develop any of the following symptoms: unusual skin changes, change in the appearance/size of moles, unusual growths/lumps, swollen lymph nodes, swollen abdomen, unexplained weight loss, night sweats. This medication may decrease bone marrow function, an effect that may lead to a low number of blood cells such as red cells, white cells, and platelets. This effect can cause anemia, decrease your body's ability to fight an infection, or cause easy bruising/bleeding. Tell your doctor right away if you develop any of the following symptoms: unusual tiredness, pale skin, signs of infection (such as sore throat that doesn't go away, fever, chills), easy bruising/bleeding.
WARNING: Azathioprine may rarely increase your risk of developing certain types of cancer (such as lymphoma, skin cancer). This risk is higher in people using azathioprine after an organ transplant and in children/young adults being treated for certain bowel diseases (such as Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis). Keep all medical and lab appointments.
Tell your doctor right away if you develop any of the following symptoms: unusual skin changes, change in the appearance/size of moles, unusual growths/lumps, swollen lymph nodes, swollen abdomen, unexplained weight loss, night sweats. This medication may decrease bone marrow function, an effect that may lead to a low number of blood cells such as red cells, white cells, and platelets. This effect can cause anemia, decrease your body's ability to fight an infection, or cause easy bruising/bleeding. Tell your doctor right away if you develop any of the following symptoms: unusual tiredness, pale skin, signs of infection (such as sore throat that doesn't go away, fever, chills), easy bruising/bleeding.
The following icd codes are available for AZATHIOPRINE (azathioprine)'s list of indications:
| Prevention of kidney transplant rejection | |
| Z94.0 | Kidney transplant status |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | |
| M05 | Rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor |
| M05.0 | Felty's syndrome |
| M05.00 | Felty's syndrome, unspecified site |
| M05.01 | Felty's syndrome, shoulder |
| M05.011 | Felty's syndrome, right shoulder |
| M05.012 | Felty's syndrome, left shoulder |
| M05.019 | Felty's syndrome, unspecified shoulder |
| M05.02 | Felty's syndrome, elbow |
| M05.021 | Felty's syndrome, right elbow |
| M05.022 | Felty's syndrome, left elbow |
| M05.029 | Felty's syndrome, unspecified elbow |
| M05.03 | Felty's syndrome, wrist |
| M05.031 | Felty's syndrome, right wrist |
| M05.032 | Felty's syndrome, left wrist |
| M05.039 | Felty's syndrome, unspecified wrist |
| M05.04 | Felty's syndrome, hand |
| M05.041 | Felty's syndrome, right hand |
| M05.042 | Felty's syndrome, left hand |
| M05.049 | Felty's syndrome, unspecified hand |
| M05.05 | Felty's syndrome, hip |
| M05.051 | Felty's syndrome, right hip |
| M05.052 | Felty's syndrome, left hip |
| M05.059 | Felty's syndrome, unspecified hip |
| M05.06 | Felty's syndrome, knee |
| M05.061 | Felty's syndrome, right knee |
| M05.062 | Felty's syndrome, left knee |
| M05.069 | Felty's syndrome, unspecified knee |
| M05.07 | Felty's syndrome, ankle and foot |
| M05.071 | Felty's syndrome, right ankle and foot |
| M05.072 | Felty's syndrome, left ankle and foot |
| M05.079 | Felty's syndrome, unspecified ankle and foot |
| M05.09 | Felty's syndrome, multiple sites |
| M05.1 | Rheumatoid lung disease with rheumatoid arthritis |
| M05.10 | Rheumatoid lung disease with rheumatoid arthritis of unspecified site |
| M05.11 | Rheumatoid lung disease with rheumatoid arthritis of shoulder |
| M05.111 | Rheumatoid lung disease with rheumatoid arthritis of right shoulder |
| M05.112 | Rheumatoid lung disease with rheumatoid arthritis of left shoulder |
| M05.119 | Rheumatoid lung disease with rheumatoid arthritis of unspecified shoulder |
| M05.12 | Rheumatoid lung disease with rheumatoid arthritis of elbow |
| M05.121 | Rheumatoid lung disease with rheumatoid arthritis of right elbow |
| M05.122 | Rheumatoid lung disease with rheumatoid arthritis of left elbow |
| M05.129 | Rheumatoid lung disease with rheumatoid arthritis of unspecified elbow |
| M05.13 | Rheumatoid lung disease with rheumatoid arthritis of wrist |
| M05.131 | Rheumatoid lung disease with rheumatoid arthritis of right wrist |
| M05.132 | Rheumatoid lung disease with rheumatoid arthritis of left wrist |
| M05.139 | Rheumatoid lung disease with rheumatoid arthritis of unspecified wrist |
| M05.14 | Rheumatoid lung disease with rheumatoid arthritis of hand |
| M05.141 | Rheumatoid lung disease with rheumatoid arthritis of right hand |
| M05.142 | Rheumatoid lung disease with rheumatoid arthritis of left hand |
| M05.149 | Rheumatoid lung disease with rheumatoid arthritis of unspecified hand |
| M05.15 | Rheumatoid lung disease with rheumatoid arthritis of hip |
| M05.151 | Rheumatoid lung disease with rheumatoid arthritis of right hip |
| M05.152 | Rheumatoid lung disease with rheumatoid arthritis of left hip |
| M05.159 | Rheumatoid lung disease with rheumatoid arthritis of unspecified hip |
| M05.16 | Rheumatoid lung disease with rheumatoid arthritis of knee |
| M05.161 | Rheumatoid lung disease with rheumatoid arthritis of right knee |
| M05.162 | Rheumatoid lung disease with rheumatoid arthritis of left knee |
| M05.169 | Rheumatoid lung disease with rheumatoid arthritis of unspecified knee |
| M05.17 | Rheumatoid lung disease with rheumatoid arthritis of ankle and foot |
| M05.171 | Rheumatoid lung disease with rheumatoid arthritis of right ankle and foot |
| M05.172 | Rheumatoid lung disease with rheumatoid arthritis of left ankle and foot |
| M05.179 | Rheumatoid lung disease with rheumatoid arthritis of unspecified ankle and foot |
| M05.19 | Rheumatoid lung disease with rheumatoid arthritis of multiple sites |
| M05.2 | Rheumatoid vasculitis with rheumatoid arthritis |
| M05.20 | Rheumatoid vasculitis with rheumatoid arthritis of unspecified site |
| M05.21 | Rheumatoid vasculitis with rheumatoid arthritis of shoulder |
| M05.211 | Rheumatoid vasculitis with rheumatoid arthritis of right shoulder |
| M05.212 | Rheumatoid vasculitis with rheumatoid arthritis of left shoulder |
| M05.219 | Rheumatoid vasculitis with rheumatoid arthritis of unspecified shoulder |
| M05.22 | Rheumatoid vasculitis with rheumatoid arthritis of elbow |
| M05.221 | Rheumatoid vasculitis with rheumatoid arthritis of right elbow |
| M05.222 | Rheumatoid vasculitis with rheumatoid arthritis of left elbow |
| M05.229 | Rheumatoid vasculitis with rheumatoid arthritis of unspecified elbow |
| M05.23 | Rheumatoid vasculitis with rheumatoid arthritis of wrist |
| M05.231 | Rheumatoid vasculitis with rheumatoid arthritis of right wrist |
| M05.232 | Rheumatoid vasculitis with rheumatoid arthritis of left wrist |
| M05.239 | Rheumatoid vasculitis with rheumatoid arthritis of unspecified wrist |
| M05.24 | Rheumatoid vasculitis with rheumatoid arthritis of hand |
| M05.241 | Rheumatoid vasculitis with rheumatoid arthritis of right hand |
| M05.242 | Rheumatoid vasculitis with rheumatoid arthritis of left hand |
| M05.249 | Rheumatoid vasculitis with rheumatoid arthritis of unspecified hand |
| M05.25 | Rheumatoid vasculitis with rheumatoid arthritis of hip |
| M05.251 | Rheumatoid vasculitis with rheumatoid arthritis of right hip |
| M05.252 | Rheumatoid vasculitis with rheumatoid arthritis of left hip |
| M05.259 | Rheumatoid vasculitis with rheumatoid arthritis of unspecified hip |
| M05.26 | Rheumatoid vasculitis with rheumatoid arthritis of knee |
| M05.261 | Rheumatoid vasculitis with rheumatoid arthritis of right knee |
| M05.262 | Rheumatoid vasculitis with rheumatoid arthritis of left knee |
| M05.269 | Rheumatoid vasculitis with rheumatoid arthritis of unspecified knee |
| M05.27 | Rheumatoid vasculitis with rheumatoid arthritis of ankle and foot |
| M05.271 | Rheumatoid vasculitis with rheumatoid arthritis of right ankle and foot |
| M05.272 | Rheumatoid vasculitis with rheumatoid arthritis of left ankle and foot |
| M05.279 | Rheumatoid vasculitis with rheumatoid arthritis of unspecified ankle and foot |
| M05.29 | Rheumatoid vasculitis with rheumatoid arthritis of multiple sites |
| M05.3 | Rheumatoid heart disease with rheumatoid arthritis |
| M05.30 | Rheumatoid heart disease with rheumatoid arthritis of unspecified site |
| M05.31 | Rheumatoid heart disease with rheumatoid arthritis of shoulder |
| M05.311 | Rheumatoid heart disease with rheumatoid arthritis of right shoulder |
| M05.312 | Rheumatoid heart disease with rheumatoid arthritis of left shoulder |
| M05.319 | Rheumatoid heart disease with rheumatoid arthritis of unspecified shoulder |
| M05.32 | Rheumatoid heart disease with rheumatoid arthritis of elbow |
| M05.321 | Rheumatoid heart disease with rheumatoid arthritis of right elbow |
| M05.322 | Rheumatoid heart disease with rheumatoid arthritis of left elbow |
| M05.329 | Rheumatoid heart disease with rheumatoid arthritis of unspecified elbow |
| M05.33 | Rheumatoid heart disease with rheumatoid arthritis of wrist |
| M05.331 | Rheumatoid heart disease with rheumatoid arthritis of right wrist |
| M05.332 | Rheumatoid heart disease with rheumatoid arthritis of left wrist |
| M05.339 | Rheumatoid heart disease with rheumatoid arthritis of unspecified wrist |
| M05.34 | Rheumatoid heart disease with rheumatoid arthritis of hand |
| M05.341 | Rheumatoid heart disease with rheumatoid arthritis of right hand |
| M05.342 | Rheumatoid heart disease with rheumatoid arthritis of left hand |
| M05.349 | Rheumatoid heart disease with rheumatoid arthritis of unspecified hand |
| M05.35 | Rheumatoid heart disease with rheumatoid arthritis of hip |
| M05.351 | Rheumatoid heart disease with rheumatoid arthritis of right hip |
| M05.352 | Rheumatoid heart disease with rheumatoid arthritis of left hip |
| M05.359 | Rheumatoid heart disease with rheumatoid arthritis of unspecified hip |
| M05.36 | Rheumatoid heart disease with rheumatoid arthritis of knee |
| M05.361 | Rheumatoid heart disease with rheumatoid arthritis of right knee |
| M05.362 | Rheumatoid heart disease with rheumatoid arthritis of left knee |
| M05.369 | Rheumatoid heart disease with rheumatoid arthritis of unspecified knee |
| M05.37 | Rheumatoid heart disease with rheumatoid arthritis of ankle and foot |
| M05.371 | Rheumatoid heart disease with rheumatoid arthritis of right ankle and foot |
| M05.372 | Rheumatoid heart disease with rheumatoid arthritis of left ankle and foot |
| M05.379 | Rheumatoid heart disease with rheumatoid arthritis of unspecified ankle and foot |
| M05.39 | Rheumatoid heart disease with rheumatoid arthritis of multiple sites |
| M05.4 | Rheumatoid myopathy with rheumatoid arthritis |
| M05.40 | Rheumatoid myopathy with rheumatoid arthritis of unspecified site |
| M05.41 | Rheumatoid myopathy with rheumatoid arthritis of shoulder |
| M05.411 | Rheumatoid myopathy with rheumatoid arthritis of right shoulder |
| M05.412 | Rheumatoid myopathy with rheumatoid arthritis of left shoulder |
| M05.419 | Rheumatoid myopathy with rheumatoid arthritis of unspecified shoulder |
| M05.42 | Rheumatoid myopathy with rheumatoid arthritis of elbow |
| M05.421 | Rheumatoid myopathy with rheumatoid arthritis of right elbow |
| M05.422 | Rheumatoid myopathy with rheumatoid arthritis of left elbow |
| M05.429 | Rheumatoid myopathy with rheumatoid arthritis of unspecified elbow |
| M05.43 | Rheumatoid myopathy with rheumatoid arthritis of wrist |
| M05.431 | Rheumatoid myopathy with rheumatoid arthritis of right wrist |
| M05.432 | Rheumatoid myopathy with rheumatoid arthritis of left wrist |
| M05.439 | Rheumatoid myopathy with rheumatoid arthritis of unspecified wrist |
| M05.44 | Rheumatoid myopathy with rheumatoid arthritis of hand |
| M05.441 | Rheumatoid myopathy with rheumatoid arthritis of right hand |
| M05.442 | Rheumatoid myopathy with rheumatoid arthritis of left hand |
| M05.449 | Rheumatoid myopathy with rheumatoid arthritis of unspecified hand |
| M05.45 | Rheumatoid myopathy with rheumatoid arthritis of hip |
| M05.451 | Rheumatoid myopathy with rheumatoid arthritis of right hip |
| M05.452 | Rheumatoid myopathy with rheumatoid arthritis of left hip |
| M05.459 | Rheumatoid myopathy with rheumatoid arthritis of unspecified hip |
| M05.46 | Rheumatoid myopathy with rheumatoid arthritis of knee |
| M05.461 | Rheumatoid myopathy with rheumatoid arthritis of right knee |
| M05.462 | Rheumatoid myopathy with rheumatoid arthritis of left knee |
| M05.469 | Rheumatoid myopathy with rheumatoid arthritis of unspecified knee |
| M05.47 | Rheumatoid myopathy with rheumatoid arthritis of ankle and foot |
| M05.471 | Rheumatoid myopathy with rheumatoid arthritis of right ankle and foot |
| M05.472 | Rheumatoid myopathy with rheumatoid arthritis of left ankle and foot |
| M05.479 | Rheumatoid myopathy with rheumatoid arthritis of unspecified ankle and foot |
| M05.49 | Rheumatoid myopathy with rheumatoid arthritis of multiple sites |
| M05.5 | Rheumatoid polyneuropathy with rheumatoid arthritis |
| M05.50 | Rheumatoid polyneuropathy with rheumatoid arthritis of unspecified site |
| M05.51 | Rheumatoid polyneuropathy with rheumatoid arthritis of shoulder |
| M05.511 | Rheumatoid polyneuropathy with rheumatoid arthritis of right shoulder |
| M05.512 | Rheumatoid polyneuropathy with rheumatoid arthritis of left shoulder |
| M05.519 | Rheumatoid polyneuropathy with rheumatoid arthritis of unspecified shoulder |
| M05.52 | Rheumatoid polyneuropathy with rheumatoid arthritis of elbow |
| M05.521 | Rheumatoid polyneuropathy with rheumatoid arthritis of right elbow |
| M05.522 | Rheumatoid polyneuropathy with rheumatoid arthritis of left elbow |
| M05.529 | Rheumatoid polyneuropathy with rheumatoid arthritis of unspecified elbow |
| M05.53 | Rheumatoid polyneuropathy with rheumatoid arthritis of wrist |
| M05.531 | Rheumatoid polyneuropathy with rheumatoid arthritis of right wrist |
| M05.532 | Rheumatoid polyneuropathy with rheumatoid arthritis of left wrist |
| M05.539 | Rheumatoid polyneuropathy with rheumatoid arthritis of unspecified wrist |
| M05.54 | Rheumatoid polyneuropathy with rheumatoid arthritis of hand |
| M05.541 | Rheumatoid polyneuropathy with rheumatoid arthritis of right hand |
| M05.542 | Rheumatoid polyneuropathy with rheumatoid arthritis of left hand |
| M05.549 | Rheumatoid polyneuropathy with rheumatoid arthritis of unspecified hand |
| M05.55 | Rheumatoid polyneuropathy with rheumatoid arthritis of hip |
| M05.551 | Rheumatoid polyneuropathy with rheumatoid arthritis of right hip |
| M05.552 | Rheumatoid polyneuropathy with rheumatoid arthritis of left hip |
| M05.559 | Rheumatoid polyneuropathy with rheumatoid arthritis of unspecified hip |
| M05.56 | Rheumatoid polyneuropathy with rheumatoid arthritis of knee |
| M05.561 | Rheumatoid polyneuropathy with rheumatoid arthritis of right knee |
| M05.562 | Rheumatoid polyneuropathy with rheumatoid arthritis of left knee |
| M05.569 | Rheumatoid polyneuropathy with rheumatoid arthritis of unspecified knee |
| M05.57 | Rheumatoid polyneuropathy with rheumatoid arthritis of ankle and foot |
| M05.571 | Rheumatoid polyneuropathy with rheumatoid arthritis of right ankle and foot |
| M05.572 | Rheumatoid polyneuropathy with rheumatoid arthritis of left ankle and foot |
| M05.579 | Rheumatoid polyneuropathy with rheumatoid arthritis of unspecified ankle and foot |
| M05.59 | Rheumatoid polyneuropathy with rheumatoid arthritis of multiple sites |
| M05.6 | Rheumatoid arthritis with involvement of other organs and systems |
| M05.60 | Rheumatoid arthritis of unspecified site with involvement of other organs and systems |
| M05.61 | Rheumatoid arthritis of shoulder with involvement of other organs and systems |
| M05.611 | Rheumatoid arthritis of right shoulder with involvement of other organs and systems |
| M05.612 | Rheumatoid arthritis of left shoulder with involvement of other organs and systems |
| M05.619 | Rheumatoid arthritis of unspecified shoulder with involvement of other organs and systems |
| M05.62 | Rheumatoid arthritis of elbow with involvement of other organs and systems |
| M05.621 | Rheumatoid arthritis of right elbow with involvement of other organs and systems |
| M05.622 | Rheumatoid arthritis of left elbow with involvement of other organs and systems |
| M05.629 | Rheumatoid arthritis of unspecified elbow with involvement of other organs and systems |
| M05.63 | Rheumatoid arthritis of wrist with involvement of other organs and systems |
| M05.631 | Rheumatoid arthritis of right wrist with involvement of other organs and systems |
| M05.632 | Rheumatoid arthritis of left wrist with involvement of other organs and systems |
| M05.639 | Rheumatoid arthritis of unspecified wrist with involvement of other organs and systems |
| M05.64 | Rheumatoid arthritis of hand with involvement of other organs and systems |
| M05.641 | Rheumatoid arthritis of right hand with involvement of other organs and systems |
| M05.642 | Rheumatoid arthritis of left hand with involvement of other organs and systems |
| M05.649 | Rheumatoid arthritis of unspecified hand with involvement of other organs and systems |
| M05.65 | Rheumatoid arthritis of hip with involvement of other organs and systems |
| M05.651 | Rheumatoid arthritis of right hip with involvement of other organs and systems |
| M05.652 | Rheumatoid arthritis of left hip with involvement of other organs and systems |
| M05.659 | Rheumatoid arthritis of unspecified hip with involvement of other organs and systems |
| M05.66 | Rheumatoid arthritis of knee with involvement of other organs and systems |
| M05.661 | Rheumatoid arthritis of right knee with involvement of other organs and systems |
| M05.662 | Rheumatoid arthritis of left knee with involvement of other organs and systems |
| M05.669 | Rheumatoid arthritis of unspecified knee with involvement of other organs and systems |
| M05.67 | Rheumatoid arthritis of ankle and foot with involvement of other organs and systems |
| M05.671 | Rheumatoid arthritis of right ankle and foot with involvement of other organs and systems |
| M05.672 | Rheumatoid arthritis of left ankle and foot with involvement of other organs and systems |
| M05.679 | Rheumatoid arthritis of unspecified ankle and foot with involvement of other organs and systems |
| M05.69 | Rheumatoid arthritis of multiple sites with involvement of other organs and systems |
| M05.7 | Rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor without organ or systems involvement |
| M05.70 | Rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of unspecified site without organ or systems involvement |
| M05.71 | Rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of shoulder without organ or systems involvement |
| M05.711 | Rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of right shoulder without organ or systems involvement |
| M05.712 | Rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of left shoulder without organ or systems involvement |
| M05.719 | Rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of unspecified shoulder without organ or systems involvement |
| M05.72 | Rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of elbow without organ or systems involvement |
| M05.721 | Rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of right elbow without organ or systems involvement |
| M05.722 | Rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of left elbow without organ or systems involvement |
| M05.729 | Rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of unspecified elbow without organ or systems involvement |
| M05.73 | Rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of wrist without organ or systems involvement |
| M05.731 | Rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of right wrist without organ or systems involvement |
| M05.732 | Rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of left wrist without organ or systems involvement |
| M05.739 | Rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of unspecified wrist without organ or systems involvement |
| M05.74 | Rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of hand without organ or systems involvement |
| M05.741 | Rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of right hand without organ or systems involvement |
| M05.742 | Rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of left hand without organ or systems involvement |
| M05.749 | Rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of unspecified hand without organ or systems involvement |
| M05.75 | Rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of hip without organ or systems involvement |
| M05.751 | Rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of right hip without organ or systems involvement |
| M05.752 | Rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of left hip without organ or systems involvement |
| M05.759 | Rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of unspecified hip without organ or systems involvement |
| M05.76 | Rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of knee without organ or systems involvement |
| M05.761 | Rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of right knee without organ or systems involvement |
| M05.762 | Rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of left knee without organ or systems involvement |
| M05.769 | Rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of unspecified knee without organ or systems involvement |
| M05.77 | Rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of ankle and foot without organ or systems involvement |
| M05.771 | Rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of right ankle and foot without organ or systems involvement |
| M05.772 | Rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of left ankle and foot without organ or systems involvement |
| M05.779 | Rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of unspecified ankle and foot without organ or systems involvement |
| M05.79 | Rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of multiple sites without organ or systems involvement |
| M05.7A | Rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of other specified site without organ or systems involvement |
| M05.8 | Other rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor |
| M05.80 | Other rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of unspecified site |
| M05.81 | Other rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of shoulder |
| M05.811 | Other rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of right shoulder |
| M05.812 | Other rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of left shoulder |
| M05.819 | Other rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of unspecified shoulder |
| M05.82 | Other rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of elbow |
| M05.821 | Other rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of right elbow |
| M05.822 | Other rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of left elbow |
| M05.829 | Other rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of unspecified elbow |
| M05.83 | Other rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of wrist |
| M05.831 | Other rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of right wrist |
| M05.832 | Other rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of left wrist |
| M05.839 | Other rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of unspecified wrist |
| M05.84 | Other rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of hand |
| M05.841 | Other rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of right hand |
| M05.842 | Other rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of left hand |
| M05.849 | Other rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of unspecified hand |
| M05.85 | Other rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of hip |
| M05.851 | Other rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of right hip |
| M05.852 | Other rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of left hip |
| M05.859 | Other rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of unspecified hip |
| M05.86 | Other rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of knee |
| M05.861 | Other rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of right knee |
| M05.862 | Other rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of left knee |
| M05.869 | Other rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of unspecified knee |
| M05.87 | Other rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of ankle and foot |
| M05.871 | Other rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of right ankle and foot |
| M05.872 | Other rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of left ankle and foot |
| M05.879 | Other rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of unspecified ankle and foot |
| M05.89 | Other rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of multiple sites |
| M05.8A | Other rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of other specified site |
| M05.9 | Rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor, unspecified |
| M06 | Other rheumatoid arthritis |
| M06.0 | Rheumatoid arthritis without rheumatoid factor |
| M06.00 | Rheumatoid arthritis without rheumatoid factor, unspecified site |
| M06.01 | Rheumatoid arthritis without rheumatoid factor, shoulder |
| M06.011 | Rheumatoid arthritis without rheumatoid factor, right shoulder |
| M06.012 | Rheumatoid arthritis without rheumatoid factor, left shoulder |
| M06.019 | Rheumatoid arthritis without rheumatoid factor, unspecified shoulder |
| M06.02 | Rheumatoid arthritis without rheumatoid factor, elbow |
| M06.021 | Rheumatoid arthritis without rheumatoid factor, right elbow |
| M06.022 | Rheumatoid arthritis without rheumatoid factor, left elbow |
| M06.029 | Rheumatoid arthritis without rheumatoid factor, unspecified elbow |
| M06.03 | Rheumatoid arthritis without rheumatoid factor, wrist |
| M06.031 | Rheumatoid arthritis without rheumatoid factor, right wrist |
| M06.032 | Rheumatoid arthritis without rheumatoid factor, left wrist |
| M06.039 | Rheumatoid arthritis without rheumatoid factor, unspecified wrist |
| M06.04 | Rheumatoid arthritis without rheumatoid factor, hand |
| M06.041 | Rheumatoid arthritis without rheumatoid factor, right hand |
| M06.042 | Rheumatoid arthritis without rheumatoid factor, left hand |
| M06.049 | Rheumatoid arthritis without rheumatoid factor, unspecified hand |
| M06.05 | Rheumatoid arthritis without rheumatoid factor, hip |
| M06.051 | Rheumatoid arthritis without rheumatoid factor, right hip |
| M06.052 | Rheumatoid arthritis without rheumatoid factor, left hip |
| M06.059 | Rheumatoid arthritis without rheumatoid factor, unspecified hip |
| M06.06 | Rheumatoid arthritis without rheumatoid factor, knee |
| M06.061 | Rheumatoid arthritis without rheumatoid factor, right knee |
| M06.062 | Rheumatoid arthritis without rheumatoid factor, left knee |
| M06.069 | Rheumatoid arthritis without rheumatoid factor, unspecified knee |
| M06.07 | Rheumatoid arthritis without rheumatoid factor, ankle and foot |
| M06.071 | Rheumatoid arthritis without rheumatoid factor, right ankle and foot |
| M06.072 | Rheumatoid arthritis without rheumatoid factor, left ankle and foot |
| M06.079 | Rheumatoid arthritis without rheumatoid factor, unspecified ankle and foot |
| M06.08 | Rheumatoid arthritis without rheumatoid factor, vertebrae |
| M06.09 | Rheumatoid arthritis without rheumatoid factor, multiple sites |
| M06.0A | Rheumatoid arthritis without rheumatoid factor, other specified site |
| M06.8 | Other specified rheumatoid arthritis |
| M06.80 | Other specified rheumatoid arthritis, unspecified site |
| M06.81 | Other specified rheumatoid arthritis, shoulder |
| M06.811 | Other specified rheumatoid arthritis, right shoulder |
| M06.812 | Other specified rheumatoid arthritis, left shoulder |
| M06.819 | Other specified rheumatoid arthritis, unspecified shoulder |
| M06.82 | Other specified rheumatoid arthritis, elbow |
| M06.821 | Other specified rheumatoid arthritis, right elbow |
| M06.822 | Other specified rheumatoid arthritis, left elbow |
| M06.829 | Other specified rheumatoid arthritis, unspecified elbow |
| M06.83 | Other specified rheumatoid arthritis, wrist |
| M06.831 | Other specified rheumatoid arthritis, right wrist |
| M06.832 | Other specified rheumatoid arthritis, left wrist |
| M06.839 | Other specified rheumatoid arthritis, unspecified wrist |
| M06.84 | Other specified rheumatoid arthritis, hand |
| M06.841 | Other specified rheumatoid arthritis, right hand |
| M06.842 | Other specified rheumatoid arthritis, left hand |
| M06.849 | Other specified rheumatoid arthritis, unspecified hand |
| M06.85 | Other specified rheumatoid arthritis, hip |
| M06.851 | Other specified rheumatoid arthritis, right hip |
| M06.852 | Other specified rheumatoid arthritis, left hip |
| M06.859 | Other specified rheumatoid arthritis, unspecified hip |
| M06.86 | Other specified rheumatoid arthritis, knee |
| M06.861 | Other specified rheumatoid arthritis, right knee |
| M06.862 | Other specified rheumatoid arthritis, left knee |
| M06.869 | Other specified rheumatoid arthritis, unspecified knee |
| M06.87 | Other specified rheumatoid arthritis, ankle and foot |
| M06.871 | Other specified rheumatoid arthritis, right ankle and foot |
| M06.872 | Other specified rheumatoid arthritis, left ankle and foot |
| M06.879 | Other specified rheumatoid arthritis, unspecified ankle and foot |
| M06.88 | Other specified rheumatoid arthritis, vertebrae |
| M06.89 | Other specified rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sites |
| M06.8A | Other specified rheumatoid arthritis, other specified site |
| M06.9 | Rheumatoid arthritis, unspecified |
Formulary Reference Tool