Dextroamphetamine-Amphetamine

Drug overview for DEXTROAMPHETAMINE-AMPHETAMINE (dextroamphetamine sulf-saccharate/amphetamine sulf-aspartate):

Generic name: DEXTROAMPHETAMINE SULF-SACCHARATE/AMPHETAMINE SULF-ASPARTATE (DEX-troe-am-FET-a-meen/am-FET-a-meen)
Drug class: Amphetamines/Anorexiants/Stimulants
Therapeutic class: Central Nervous System Agents

Amphetamine is a noncatechol, sympathomimetic amine with CNS-stimulating Dextroamphetamine is the dextrorotatory isomer of amphetamine. activity.

Amphetamine sulfate and amphetamine aspartate in fixed-combination Dextroamphetamine sulfate alone and in fixed-combination preparations with dextroamphetamine saccharate, amphetamine aspartate, and amphetamine preparations containing amphetamine aspartate, amphetamine sulfate, dextroamphetamine saccharate, and dextroamphetamine sulfate are used in the sulfate is used in the treatment of narcolepsy and as an adjunct to psychological, educational, social, and other remedial measures in the treatment of narcolepsy and as adjuncts to psychological, educational, social, and other remedial measures in the treatment of attention deficit treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

DRUG IMAGES

DEXTROAMP-AMPHETAMIN 10 MG TAB
DEXTROAMP-AMPHETAMIN 20 MG TAB
DEXTROAMP-AMPHETAMINE 5 MG TAB
DEXTROAMP-AMPHETAM 12.5 MG TAB
DEXTROAMP-AMPHETAMIN 15 MG TAB
DEXTROAMP-AMPHETAMIN 30 MG TAB
DEXTROAMP-AMPHETAM 7.5 MG TAB

The following indications for DEXTROAMPHETAMINE-AMPHETAMINE (dextroamphetamine sulf-saccharate/amphetamine sulf-aspartate) have been approved by the FDA:

Indications:
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Narcolepsy syndrome

Professional Synonyms:
ADD with hyperactivity
Friedmann's disease
Gelineau's syndrome
Hypnolepsy
Narcolepsy
Paroxysmal sleep

The following dosing information is available for DEXTROAMPHETAMINE-AMPHETAMINE (dextroamphetamine sulf-saccharate/amphetamine sulf-aspartate):

Dosing
Administration
DEXTROAMPHETAMINE-AMPHETAMINE
DEXTROAMPHETAMINE-AMPHETAMINE

Dosage of amphetamines should be adjusted according to individual response Dosage of dextroamphetamines should be adjusted according to individual and tolerance; the smallest dose required to produce the desired response response and tolerance; the smallest dose required to produce the desired response should always be used. should always be used.

Amphetamine sulfate and amphetamine aspartate in fixed-combination Preparations containing dextroamphetamine sulfate are administered orally. preparations containing amphetamine aspartate, amphetamine sulfate, The commercially available extended-release capsules containing dextroamphetamine saccharate, and dextroamphetamine sulfate are dextroamphetamine sulfate and dextroamphetamine saccharate in administered orally. The commercially available extended-release capsules fixed-combination with amphetamine sulfate and amphetamine aspartate (Adderall XR(R)) may be swallowed intact with or without food or the entire containing amphetamine sulfate and amphetamine aspartate in contents of a capsule(s) may be sprinkled on a small amount of applesauce fixed-combination with dextroamphetamine saccharate and dextroamphetamine immediately prior to administration; subdividing the contents of a capsule sulfate (Adderall(R) XR) may be swallowed intact with or without food or is not recommended.

The pellets contained in the capsules should not be the entire contents of a capsule(s) may be sprinkled on a small amount of applesauce immediately prior to administration; subdividing the contents of chewed or crushed, and the sprinkle/food mixture must not be stored for use a capsule is not recommended. The pellets contained in the capsules should at a later time. not be chewed or crushed, and the sprinkle/food mixture must not be stored for use at a later time.

The initial dose of dextroamphetamine sulfate (alone or in fixed-combination preparations) is given on awakening; when the drug is given as conventional (short-acting) tablets in divided doses (2 or 3), The initial dose of amphetamines (as conventional tablets or additional doses are given at intervals of 4-6 hours. Because of the extended-release capsules) should be given on awakening; when amphetamines are administered as conventional tablets in divided doses (2 or 3), potential for insomnia, administration of dextroamphetamine sulfate additional doses are given at intervals of 4-6 hours. Because of the conventional tablets (Dexedrine(R)), dextroamphetamine sulfate extended-release capsules (Dexedrine(R) Spansules(R)), or fixed-combination potential for insomnia, administration of conventional tablets in the late conventional tablets (Adderall(R)) in the late evening or administration of evening or extended-release capsules in the afternoon should be avoided. fixed-combination extended-release capsules (Adderall XR(R)) in the afternoon should be avoided.

Dosing information for DEXTROAMPHETAMINE-AMPHETAMINE
DRUG LABEL	DOSING TYPE	DOSING INSTRUCTIONS
DEXTROAMP-AMPHETAM 7.5 MG TAB	Maintenance	Adults take 1 tablet (7.5 mg) by oral route once daily before breakfast
DEXTROAMP-AMPHETAM 12.5 MG TAB	Maintenance	Adults take 1 tablet (12.5 mg) by oral route once daily before breakfast
DEXTROAMP-AMPHETAMIN 15 MG TAB	Maintenance	Adults take 1 tablet (15 mg) by oral route once daily before breakfast
DEXTROAMP-AMPHETAMINE 5 MG TAB	Maintenance	Adults take 1 tablet (5 mg) by oral route 2 times per day before breakfast and at noon
DEXTROAMP-AMPHETAMIN 10 MG TAB	Maintenance	Adults take 1 tablet (10 mg) by oral route once daily before breakfast
DEXTROAMP-AMPHETAMIN 20 MG TAB	Maintenance	Adults take 1 tablet (20 mg) by oral route once daily before breakfast
DEXTROAMP-AMPHETAMIN 30 MG TAB	Maintenance	Adults take 1 tablet (30 mg) by oral route once daily before breakfast

Generic dosing information for DEXTROAMPHETAMINE-AMPHETAMINE
DRUG LABEL	DOSING TYPE	DOSING INSTRUCTIONS
DEXTROAMP-AMPHETAMIN 10 MG TAB	Maintenance	Adults take 1 tablet (10 mg) by oral route once daily before breakfast
DEXTROAMP-AMPHETAMIN 20 MG TAB	Maintenance	Adults take 1 tablet (20 mg) by oral route once daily before breakfast
DEXTROAMP-AMPHETAMINE 5 MG TAB	Maintenance	Adults take 1 tablet (5 mg) by oral route 2 times per day before breakfast and at noon
DEXTROAMP-AMPHETAMIN 30 MG TAB	Maintenance	Adults take 1 tablet (30 mg) by oral route once daily before breakfast
DEXTROAMP-AMPHETAM 7.5 MG TAB	Maintenance	Adults take 1 tablet (7.5 mg) by oral route once daily before breakfast
DEXTROAMP-AMPHETAM 12.5 MG TAB	Maintenance	Adults take 1 tablet (12.5 mg) by oral route once daily before breakfast
DEXTROAMP-AMPHETAMIN 15 MG TAB	Maintenance	Adults take 1 tablet (15 mg) by oral route once daily before breakfast

The following drug interaction information is available for DEXTROAMPHETAMINE-AMPHETAMINE (dextroamphetamine sulf-saccharate/amphetamine sulf-aspartate):

Contraindicated
Severe
Moderate

There are 2 contraindications. These drug combinations generally should not be dispensed or administered to the same patient. A manufacturer label warning that indicates the contraindication warrants inclusion of a drug combination in this category, regardless of clinical evidence or lack of clinical evidence to support the contraindication.

Drug Interaction	Drug Names
Sympathomimetics (Indirect & Mixed Acting)/MAOIs SEVERITY LEVEL: 1-Contraindicated Drug Combination: This drug combination is contraindicated and generally should not be dispensed or administered to the same patient. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Catecholamine stores increased by MAOIs can be released by indirect acting sympathomimetics such as ephedrine and amphetamine. MAO inhibitors also interfere with gut and liver metabolism of direct acting sympathomimetics (e.g oral phenylephrine). CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of MAOIs may result in potentiation of sympathomimetic effects, which may result in headaches, hypertensive crisis, toxic neurological effects, and malignant hyperpyrexia. Fatalities have occurred. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Concurrent use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors and sympathomimetics is contraindicated. The manufacturers of sympathomimetic agents recommend waiting 14 days after discontinuation of MAO inhibitors before initiating the sympathomimetic. DISCUSSION: Indirect acting sympathomimetic amines may cause abrupt elevation of blood pressure when administered to patients taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors, resulting in a potentially fatal hypertensive crisis. Mixed (direct and indirect) acting sympathomimetics have also been shown to interact with monoamine oxidase inhibitors depending on their degree of indirect action. The direct-acting sympathomimetics have not been reported to interact. Dopamine is metabolized by monoamine oxidase, and its pressor effect is enhanced by monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Since procarbazine, an antineoplastic agent, is a weak monoamine oxidase inhibitor, hypertensive reactions may result from its concurrent use with indirect and mixed acting sympathomimetics. Furazolidone, an antibacterial with monoamine oxidase inhibitor action, has also been shown to interact with indirect acting sympathomimetics. Linezolid is another antibacterial with monoamine oxidase inhibitor properties. Metaxalone is a weak inhibitor of MAO. Foods containing large amounts of tyramine have also been implicated in this interaction. Methylene blue, when administered intravenously, has been shown to reach sufficient concentrations to be a potent inhibitor of MAO-A. At recommended dosages, rasagiline, oral selegiline, and transdermal selegiline up to 6mg/day are selective for MAO-B; however, at higher dosages they have been shown to lose their selectivity. One or more of the drug pairs linked to this monograph have been included in a list of interactions that should be considered "high-priority" for inclusion and should not be inactivated in EHR systems. This DDI subset was vetted by an expert panel commissioned by the U.S. Office of the National Coordinator (ONC) for Health Information Technology.	EMSAM, FURAZOLIDONE, MARPLAN, MATULANE, METAXALONE, METHYLENE BLUE, NARDIL, PARNATE, PHENELZINE SULFATE, PROCARBAZINE HCL, PROVAYBLUE, SELEGILINE HCL, TRANYLCYPROMINE SULFATE
Dihydroergotamine/Sympathomimetics SEVERITY LEVEL: 1-Contraindicated Drug Combination: This drug combination is contraindicated and generally should not be dispensed or administered to the same patient. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Concurrent use of dihydroergotamine and sympathomimetics may result in additive or synergistic effect on peripheral blood vessels.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of dihydroergotamine and sympathomimetics may result in increased blood pressure due to peripheral vasoconstriction.(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Dihydroergotamine is contraindicated with sympathomimetics because the combination may result in additive or synergistic elevation of blood pressure.(1) DISCUSSION: Significant elevation in blood pressure has been reported in patients treated with dihydroergotamine.(1) Sympathomimetics can be expected to have additional effects on blood pressure.	DIHYDROERGOTAMINE MESYLATE, MIGRANAL, TRUDHESA

Drug Interaction

Drug Names

Sympathomimetics (Indirect & Mixed Acting)/MAOIs

SEVERITY LEVEL: 1-Contraindicated Drug Combination: This drug combination is contraindicated and generally should not be dispensed or administered to the same patient.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: Catecholamine stores increased by MAOIs can be released by indirect acting sympathomimetics such as ephedrine and amphetamine. MAO inhibitors also interfere with gut and liver metabolism of direct acting sympathomimetics (e.g oral phenylephrine).

CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of MAOIs may result in potentiation of sympathomimetic effects, which may result in headaches, hypertensive crisis, toxic neurological effects, and malignant hyperpyrexia. Fatalities have occurred.

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Concurrent use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors and sympathomimetics is contraindicated. The manufacturers of sympathomimetic agents recommend waiting 14 days after discontinuation of MAO inhibitors before initiating the sympathomimetic.

DISCUSSION: Indirect acting sympathomimetic amines may cause abrupt elevation of blood pressure when administered to patients taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors, resulting in a potentially fatal hypertensive crisis. Mixed (direct and indirect) acting sympathomimetics have also been shown to interact with monoamine oxidase inhibitors depending on their degree of indirect action. The direct-acting sympathomimetics have not been reported to interact.

Dopamine is metabolized by monoamine oxidase, and its pressor effect is enhanced by monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Since procarbazine, an antineoplastic agent, is a weak monoamine oxidase inhibitor, hypertensive reactions may result from its concurrent use with indirect and mixed acting sympathomimetics. Furazolidone, an antibacterial with monoamine oxidase inhibitor action, has also been shown to interact with indirect acting sympathomimetics.

Linezolid is another antibacterial with monoamine oxidase inhibitor properties. Metaxalone is a weak inhibitor of MAO. Foods containing large amounts of tyramine have also been implicated in this interaction.

Methylene blue, when administered intravenously, has been shown to reach sufficient concentrations to be a potent inhibitor of MAO-A. At recommended dosages, rasagiline, oral selegiline, and transdermal selegiline up to 6mg/day are selective for MAO-B; however, at higher dosages they have been shown to lose their selectivity. One or more of the drug pairs linked to this monograph have been included in a list of interactions that should be considered "high-priority" for inclusion and should not be inactivated in EHR systems.

This DDI subset was vetted by an expert panel commissioned by the U.S. Office of the National Coordinator (ONC) for Health Information Technology.

EMSAM, FURAZOLIDONE, MARPLAN, MATULANE, METAXALONE, METHYLENE BLUE, NARDIL, PARNATE, PHENELZINE SULFATE, PROCARBAZINE HCL, PROVAYBLUE, SELEGILINE HCL, TRANYLCYPROMINE SULFATE

Dihydroergotamine/Sympathomimetics

SEVERITY LEVEL: 1-Contraindicated Drug Combination: This drug combination is contraindicated and generally should not be dispensed or administered to the same patient.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: Concurrent use of dihydroergotamine and sympathomimetics may result in additive or synergistic effect on peripheral blood vessels.(1)

CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of dihydroergotamine and sympathomimetics may result in increased blood pressure due to peripheral vasoconstriction.(1)

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Dihydroergotamine is contraindicated with sympathomimetics because the combination may result in additive or synergistic elevation of blood pressure.(1)

DISCUSSION: Significant elevation in blood pressure has been reported in patients treated with dihydroergotamine.(1) Sympathomimetics can be expected to have additional effects on blood pressure.

DIHYDROERGOTAMINE MESYLATE, MIGRANAL, TRUDHESA

There are 8 severe interactions. These drug interactions can produce serious consequences in most patients. Actions required for severe interactions include, but are not limited to, discontinuing one or both agents, adjusting dosage, altering administration scheduling, and providing additional patient monitoring. Review the full interaction monograph for more information.

Drug Interaction	Drug Names
Select Indirect-Acting Sympathomimetics/Tricyclic Compounds SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Unknown. However, it is speculated that indirect-acting sympathomimetics would have decreased activity due to tricyclic blockage of their uptake into the adrenergic neuron. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Decreased effect of indirect acting sympathomimetics. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Use of tricyclic compounds and indirect-acting sympathomimetics should be approached with caution. Montior patients receiving concurrent therapy for decreased sympathomimetic efficacy. DISCUSSION: The pressor effects of the indirect-acting sympathomimetic amines (e.g., amphetamines, ephedrine, and methylphenidate) are antagonized by tricyclic antidepressants.	AMITRIPTYLINE HCL, AMOXAPINE, ANAFRANIL, CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE-AMITRIPTYLINE, CLOMIPRAMINE HCL, DESIPRAMINE HCL, DOXEPIN HCL, IMIPRAMINE HCL, IMIPRAMINE PAMOATE, NORPRAMIN, NORTRIPTYLINE HCL, PAMELOR, PERPHENAZINE-AMITRIPTYLINE, PROTRIPTYLINE HCL, SILENOR, TRIMIPRAMINE MALEATE
Ergot Alkaloids/Sympathomimetics SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Concurrent use of ergot alkaloids and sympathomimetics may result in additive or synergistic effect on peripheral blood vessels. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of ergot alkaloids and sympathomimetics may result in increased blood pressure due to peripheral vasoconstriction. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: When possible, avoid the concurrent use of ergot alkaloids and sympathomimetics. If concurrent use is warranted, monitor blood pressure and for signs of vasoconstriction. Decreasing the dose of one or both drugs may be necessary. DISCUSSION: There have been reports of severe vasoconstriction resulting in gangrene in patients receiving intravenous ergonovine with dopamine or norepinephrine.	ERGOLOID MESYLATES, ERGOMAR, ERGOTAMINE TARTRATE, ERGOTAMINE-CAFFEINE, METHYLERGONOVINE MALEATE, METHYSERGIDE MALEATE, MIGERGOT
Guanethidine/Sympathomimetics (Indirect Acting) SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Indirect-acting sympathomimetics may displace guanethidine from adrenergic neurons, thereby antagonizing the clinical effect. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Blood pressure may be increased. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: When possible, use an alternative antihypertensive agent or sympathomimetic. DISCUSSION: This interaction has been demonstrated with concomitant administration of anorexiant-type indirect-acting sympathomimetics and guanethidine. Increased blood pressure has been reported.	GUANETHIDINE HEMISULFATE
Selected Inhalation Anesthetic Agents/Sympathomimetics SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: The exact mechanism is unknown. The anesthetics produce conduction changes that increase impulse re-entry into the myocardial tissue.(1) The anesthetics' ability to precipitate arrhythmias is enhanced by elevated arterial blood pressure, tachycardia, hypercapnia, and/or hypoxia, events that stimulate the release of endogenous catecholamines.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of inhalation anesthetic agents and sympathomimetics may result in ventricular arrhythmias or sudden blood pressure and heart rate increase during surgery.(2) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Monitor blood pressure and avoid use of sympathomimetics in patients being treated with anesthetics on the day of surgery.(2) Intravenous use of epinephrine during surgery with halothane and related halogenated general anesthetics should be strongly discouraged. When intravenous epinephrine is necessary, nitrous oxide anesthesia supplemented with ether, muscle relaxants, or opioids should be used instead of halothane.(3,4) Epinephrine may safely be used subcutaneously with the following precautions: the patient is adequately ventilated to prevent hypoxia or respiratory acidosis; the total dose of epinephrine is limited to 100 mcg/10 minute period or 300 mcg/hour in adults, 3.5 mcg/Kg in infants, 2.5 mcg/Kg in children up to two years of age, and 1.45 mcg/Kg in children over two years of age; a minimum effective concentration of anesthetic is maintained; the drugs are not co-administered in patients with hypertension or other cardiovascular disorders; and the cardiac rhythm is continuously monitored during and after injection.(3-10) If arrhythmias occur after the administration of the epinephrine, the drugs of choice are lidocaine or propranolol, depending on the type of arrhythmia.(1) DISCUSSION: Administration of epinephrine during halothane anesthesia may may lead to serious ventricular arrhythmias.(3-6,11-18) This has occurred when epinephrine was administered intravenously,(6) when it was administered with lidocaine as a dental block,(11,14) or when it was administered supraperiosteally.(5) Norepinephrine has been shown to interact with halothane in a manner similar to epinephrine.(1) In two case reports, patients were given terbutaline (0.25 to 0.35 mg) for wheezing following induction of anesthesia with halothane. One patient's heart rate increased from 68 to 100 beats/minute, and the ECG showed premature ventricular contractions and bigeminy, while the other patient developed multiple unifocal premature ventricular contractions and bigeminy. The arrhythmias resolved in both patients following lidocaine administration.(19) Although not documented, isoproterenol causes effects on the heart similar to terbutaline(20) and would probably interact with halothane in a similar manner. Other inhalation anesthetics that increase the incidence of arrhythmias with epinephrine include chloroform,(20) methoxyflurane,(20) and enflurane.(12) A similar interaction may be expected between the other inhalation anesthetics and sympathomimetics.	DESFLURANE, FORANE, ISOFLURANE, SEVOFLURANE, SUPRANE, TERRELL, ULTANE
Mixed;Indirect Sympathomimetics/Selected MAOIs SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Catecholamine stores increased by MAOIs can be released by indirect acting sympathomimetics such as ephedrine and amphetamine. MAO inhibitors also interfere with gut and liver metabolism of direct acting sympathomimetics (e.g oral phenylephrine). CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of MAOIs may result in potentiation of sympathomimetic effects, which may result in headaches, hypertensive crisis, toxic neurological effects, and malignant hyperpyrexia. Fatalities have occurred with combinations of sympathomimetics and MAO-A inhibitors. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Concurrent use of MAO-A inhibitors and sympathomimetics is contraindicated. The manufacturers of sympathomimetic agents recommend waiting 14 days after discontinuation of MAO inhibitors before initiating the sympathomimetic. Patients receiving direct or indirect acting sympathomimetics should not receive linezolid unless they are monitored for potential increases in blood pressure. Initial dosages of dopamine and epinephrine should be reduced. At recommended dosages, oral selegiline and transdermal selegiline up to 6mg/day are selective for MAO-B; however, at higher dosages they have been shown to lose their selectivity. Patients receiving higher dosages of selegiline should be considered susceptive to this interaction. DISCUSSION: Indirect acting sympathomimetic amines may cause abrupt elevation of blood pressure when administered to patients taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors, resulting in a potentially fatal hypertensive crisis. Mixed (direct and indirect) acting sympathomimetics have also been shown to interact with monoamine oxidase inhibitors depending on their degree of indirect action. The direct-acting sympathomimetics have not been reported to interact. Dopamine is metabolized by monoamine oxidase, and its pressor effect is enhanced by monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Furazolidone, an antibacterial with monoamine oxidase inhibitor action, has also been shown to interact with indirect acting sympathomimetics. Foods containing large amounts of tyramine have also been implicated in this interaction. A significant pressor response was observed in normal subjects receiving linezolid and tyramine doses of more than 100 mg. Administration of linezolid (600 mg BID for 3 days) with pseudoephedrine (60 mg q 4 hours for 2 doses) increased blood pressure by 32 mmHg. Administration of linezolid (600 mg BID for 3 days) with phenylpropanolamine (25 mg q 4 hours for 2 doses) increased blood pressure by 38 mmHg. One or more of the drug pairs linked to this monograph have been included in a list of interactions that should be considered "high-priority" for inclusion and should not be inactivated in EHR systems. This DDI subset was vetted by an expert panel commissioned by the U.S. Office of the National Coordinator (ONC) for Health Information Technology.	EMSAM, LINEZOLID, LINEZOLID-0.9% NACL, LINEZOLID-D5W, SELEGILINE HCL, XADAGO, ZELAPAR, ZYVOX
Ioflupane I 123/Dopamine Transporter Binders SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Ioflupane binds to the dopamine transporter. Agents that also bind to this transporter may affect the results of single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) brain imaging using ioflupane.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: SPECT imaging using ioflupane may not be accurate in patients taking other drugs that bind to the dopamine transporter binders.(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: It is unknown if discontinuing other agents that bind to the dopamine transporter prior to a scan with ioflupane will decrease interference with the scan.(1) Make sure the radiologist interpreting the scan knows the patient is taking another agent that binds to the dopamine transporter. Alternative diagnostic tools may need to be considered. DISCUSSION: Ioflupane binds to the dopamine transporter. Agents that also bind to this transporter may affect the results of the scan. These agents include amoxapine, amphetamine, armodafinil, benztropine, bupropion, buspirone, citalopram, cocaine, dexmethylphenidate, escitalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, mazindol, methamphetamine, methylphenidate, modafinil, norephedrine, paroxetine, phentermine, phenylpropanolamine, selegiline, and sertraline.(1)	DATSCAN, IOFLUPANE I-123
Iobenguane I 123/Agents that Affect Catecholamines SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Many compounds that reduce catecholamine uptake or that deplete catecholamine stores may interfere with iobenguane uptake into cells.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Compounds that reduce catecholamine uptake or that deplete catecholamine stores may interfere with imaging completed with iobenguane.(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Discuss the use of agents that affect catecholamines. Discontinue drugs that reduce catecholamine uptake or deplete catecholamine stores prior to imaging with iobenguane. Before imaging with iobenguane, discontinue agents that affect catecholamines for at least 5 biological half-lives, as clinically tolerated.(1) DISCUSSION: Many agents may reduce catecholamine uptake or deplete catecholamine stores.(1) Examples include: - CNS stimulants or amphetamines (e.g. cocaine, methylphenidate, dextroamphetamine) - norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors (e.g. phentermine) - norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake inhibitors (e.g. tramadol) - monoamine oxidase inhibitors (e.g. phenelzine, linezolid) - central monoamine depleting drugs (e.g. reserpine) - non-select beta adrenergic blocking drugs (e.g. labetalol) - alpha agonists or alpha/beta agonists (e.g. pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine, ephedrine, phenylpropanolamine, naphazoline) - tricyclic antidepressants or norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (e.g. amitriptyline, bupropion, duloxetine, mirtazapine, venlafaxine) - botanicals that may inhibit reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin or dopamine (e.g. ephedra, ma huang, St. John's Wort, yohimbine)	ADREVIEW
Mixed;Indirect Sympathomimetics/Rasagiline SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Catecholamine stores increased by MAOIs can be released by indirect acting sympathomimetics such as ephedrine and amphetamine. MAO inhibitors also interfere with gut and liver metabolism of direct acting sympathomimetics (e.g oral phenylephrine). CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of MAOIs may result in potentiation of sympathomimetic effects, which may result in headaches, hypertensive crisis, toxic neurological effects, and malignant hyperpyrexia. Hypertensive crisis has been reported in patients taking recommended doses of rasagiline with sympathomimetic agents. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: At recommended dosages, rasagiline is selective for MAO-B; however, at higher dosages it has been shown to lose its selectivity. Patients receiving higher dosages of rasagiline should be considered susceptive to this interaction. Concurrent use should be approached with caution. DISCUSSION: Indirect acting sympathomimetic amines may cause abrupt elevation of blood pressure when administered to patients taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors, resulting in a potentially fatal hypertensive crisis. Mixed (direct and indirect) acting sympathomimetics have also been shown to interact with monoamine oxidase inhibitors depending on their degree of indirect action. The direct-acting sympathomimetics have not been reported to interact. Dopamine is metabolized by monoamine oxidase, and its pressor effect is enhanced by monoamine oxidase inhibitors.	AZILECT, RASAGILINE MESYLATE

There are 10 moderate interactions. The clinician should assess the patient’s characteristics and take action as needed. Actions required for moderate interactions include, but are not limited to, discontinuing one or both agents, adjusting dosage, altering administration.

Drug Interaction	Drug Names
Amphetamines; Phentermine/SSRIs; SNRIs SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Amphetamines may affect serotonin release and/or reuptake, depending on their molecular structure. Ring substitution tends to increase amphetamine-induced release of endogenous serotonin. However, the effect on serotonin release may also be dose related and is more likely if the amphetamine is taken in doses greater than those approved and generally employed in treating Attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder, or if abused, especially over long periods of time.(1) Amphetamines, phentermine and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors(SNRIs) may have additive effects on blood pressure. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of amphetamines with agents that affect serotonin may increase the risk of serotonin syndrome. Symptoms of serotonin syndrome may include tremor, agitation, diaphoresis, hyperreflexia, clonus, tachycardia, hyperthermia, and muscle rigidity.(8) Concurrent use of amphetamines or phentermine and a SNRI may increase the risk for high blood pressure or make hypertension more difficult to control. SSRIs and SNRIs linked to this monograph are: citalopram, desvenlafaxine, duloxetine, escitalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, levomilnacipran, milnacipran, paroxetine, sertraline, venlafaxine, vilazodone and vortioxetine. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: High doses or long-term abuse of amphetamines may increase the risk of this interaction. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The concurrent use of amphetamines with SSRIs or SNRIs should be approached with appropriate monitoring. Instruct patients receiving concurrent therapy to report any signs or symptoms of serotonin syndrome immediately. Monitor blood pressure during concurrent therapy and adjust dosage or change medication for persistent increases in blood pressure. If concurrent therapy is warranted, patients should be monitored for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome. Instruct patients to report muscle twitching, tremors, shivering and stiffness, fever, heavy sweating, heart palpitations, restlessness, confusion, agitation, trouble with coordination, or severe diarrhea. DISCUSSION: In a case report, a 13 year-old female experienced tachycardia when amphetamine was added to her sertraline regimen.(2) Increased side effects have also been reported in patients maintained on fluoxetine who ingested illicit amphetamines.(3) In a case report, a 22 year-old female had previously been taking phentermine and oral contraceptive agents. The patient stopped taking phentermine and, after an undetermined length of time, started taking fluoxetine (20 mg daily). The patient discontinued her fluoxetine after three months. Eight days later, she took one dose of phentermine (30 mg). Within several hours, she developed jitteriness, stomach cramps, dry eyes, palpitations, and tremors. The patient received once dose of lorazepam (1.5 mg) and her symptoms resolved over night.(4) In a case report, a 32 year-old male developed agitation, anxiety, shivering, tremors, and diaphoresis two weeks after adding venlafaxine to his dexamphetamine.(5) There have also been reports of safe and effective use of amphetamines with fluoxetine,(6) dextroamphetamine and sertraline,(6) and dextroamphetamine with fluoxetine.(7)	CELEXA, CITALOPRAM HBR, CYMBALTA, DESVENLAFAXINE ER, DESVENLAFAXINE SUCCINATE ER, DRIZALMA SPRINKLE, DULOXETINE HCL, DULOXICAINE, EFFEXOR XR, ESCITALOPRAM OXALATE, FETZIMA, FLUOXETINE DR, FLUOXETINE HCL, FLUVOXAMINE MALEATE, FLUVOXAMINE MALEATE ER, LEXAPRO, OLANZAPINE-FLUOXETINE HCL, PAROXETINE CR, PAROXETINE ER, PAROXETINE HCL, PAROXETINE MESYLATE, PAXIL, PAXIL CR, PRISTIQ, PROZAC, SAVELLA, SERTRALINE HCL, TRINTELLIX, VENLAFAXINE BESYLATE ER, VENLAFAXINE HCL, VENLAFAXINE HCL ER, VIIBRYD, VILAZODONE HCL, ZOLOFT
Amphetamines/H2 Antagonists; Proton Pump Inhibitors SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: H2 antagonists and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) may alter the timing of absorption of amphetamines. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of amphetamines and H2 antagonists or PPIs may result in an increased absorption rate and a change in timing of peak amphetamine levels. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The US manufacturer states that patients receiving concurrent amphetamines and H2 antagonists or PPIs should be monitored for changes in the timing and clinical effects of amphetamines.(1) Monitor patients receiving concurrent therapy for changes in amphetamine effectiveness and side effects. The Canadian manufacturer states that concurrent use of proton pump inhibitors and amphetamines should be avoided.(3) DISCUSSION: During concurrent use of a proton pump inhibitor, the median time to maximum concentration (Tmax) of Adderall XR decreased from 5 hours to 2.75 hours.(3) In a 4-way crossover study in healthy subjects, omeprazole had no effect on the total exposure a single dose of mixed amphetamine salts (20 mg); however median Tmax decreased from 5 hours to 2.75 hours. Approximately 50% of subjects had a decrease in Tmax of equal to or greater than 1 hour.(4)	ACIPHEX, ACIPHEX SPRINKLE, CIMETIDINE, DEXILANT, DEXLANSOPRAZOLE DR, ESOMEPRAZOLE MAGNESIUM, ESOMEPRAZOLE SODIUM, FAMOTIDINE, IBUPROFEN-FAMOTIDINE, KONVOMEP, LANSOPRAZOL-AMOXICIL-CLARITHRO, LANSOPRAZOLE, NAPROXEN-ESOMEPRAZOLE MAG, NEXIUM, NIZATIDINE, OMEPRAZOLE, OMEPRAZOLE-SODIUM BICARBONATE, PANTOPRAZOLE SODIUM, PANTOPRAZOLE SODIUM-0.9% NACL, PEPCID, PREVACID, PRILOSEC, PROTONIX, PROTONIX IV, RABEPRAZOLE SODIUM, TALICIA, VIMOVO, VOQUEZNA, VOQUEZNA DUAL PAK, VOQUEZNA TRIPLE PAK, YOSPRALA
Amphetamines/Tramadol SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Opioids and stimulants exhibit opposing effects on the CNS.(1) Amphetamines may affect serotonin release and/or reuptake, depending on their molecular structure. Ring substitution tends to increase amphetamine-induced release of endogenous serotonin. However, the effect on serotonin release may also be dose related and is more likely if the amphetamine is taken in doses greater than those approved and generally employed in treating attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder, or if abused, especially over long periods of time.(2) Concurrent administration of amphetamines with tramadol may result in additive effects on serotonin, resulting in serotonin syndrome.(3,4) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of opioids and stimulants may have unpredictable effects and may mask overdose symptoms of the opioid, such as drowsiness and inability to focus. Concurrent use of amphetamines with other serotonergic agents may increase the risk of serotonin syndrome, a potentially life-threatening syndrome which may include one or more of the following symptoms: tremor, agitation, diaphoresis, hyperreflexia, clonus, tachycardia, hyperthermia, and muscle rigidity.(5) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Concurrent use of alcohol or other CNS depressants may increase the risk of adverse effects. High doses or long-term abuse of amphetamines may increase the risk of serotonin syndrome. Use of multiple drugs which increase serotonin levels is associated with an increased risk for this toxidrome. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Limit prescribing tramadol with CNS stimulants such as amphetamines to patients for whom alternatives are inadequate. Concurrent use of amphetamines with tramadol should be approached with appropriate monitoring. If concurrent use is necessary, limit the dosages and duration of each drug to the minimum possible while achieving the desired clinical effect. Consider initiating amphetamines or tramadol at lower doses and monitored for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome. Discontinue medication if symptoms occur.(3,4) Instruct patients receiving concurrent therapy to report any signs or symptoms of serotonin syndrome immediately. Respiratory depression can occur at any time during opioid therapy, especially during therapy initiation and following dosage increases. Consider this risk when using concurrently with stimulants.(1) Monitor patients receiving concurrent therapy for signs of substance abuse. DISCUSSION: A total of 70,237 persons died from drug overdoses in the United States in 2017; approximately two thirds of these deaths involved an opioid.(2). The CDC analyzed 2016-2017 changes in age-adjusted death rates involving cocaine and psychostimulants by demographic characteristics, urbanization levels, U.S. Census region, 34 states, and the District of Columbia (DC). The CDC also examined trends in age-adjusted cocaine-involved and psychostimulant-involved death rates from 2003 to 2017 overall, as well as with and without co-involvement of opioids. Among all 2017 drug overdose deaths, 13,942 (19.8%) involved cocaine, and 10,333 (14.7%) involved psychostimulants. Death rates increased from 2016 to 2017 for both drug categories across demographic characteristics, urbanization levels, Census regions, and states. In 2017, opioids were involved in 72.7% and 50.4% of cocaine-involved and psychostimulant-involved overdoses, respectively, and the data suggest that increases in cocaine-involved overdose deaths from 2012 to 2017 were driven primarily by synthetic opioids.(7) There was opioid co-involvement in 72.7 percent of cocaine and 50.4 percent of stimulant-involved overdose deaths. This was largely driven by synthetic opioids such as fentanyl. However, stimulant-involved overdose without opioid co-involvement is also increasing.(6)	CONZIP, QDOLO, TRAMADOL HCL, TRAMADOL HCL ER, TRAMADOL HCL-ACETAMINOPHEN
Opioids (Immediate Release)/Selected Stimulants SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Opioids and stimulants exhibit opposing effects on the CNS. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of opioids and stimulants may have unpredictable effects and may mask overdose symptoms of the opioid, such as drowsiness and inability to focus. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Concurrent use of alcohol or other CNS depressants may increase the risk of adverse effects. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Limit prescribing opioid analgesics with CNS stimulants such as amphetamines to patients for whom alternatives are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, limit the dosages and duration of each drug to the minimum possible while achieving the desired clinical effect. Respiratory depression can occur at any time during opioid therapy, especially during therapy initiation and following dosage increases. Consider this risk when using concurrently with stimulants.(1) Monitor patients receiving concurrent therapy for signs of substance abuse. DISCUSSION: A total of 70,237 persons died from drug overdoses in the United States in 2017; approximately two thirds of these deaths involved an opioid.(2). The CDC analyzed 2016-2017 changes in age-adjusted death rates involving cocaine and psychostimulants by demographic characteristics, urbanization levels, U.S. Census region, 34 states, and the District of Columbia (DC). The CDC also examined trends in age-adjusted cocaine-involved and psychostimulant-involved death rates from 2003 to 2017 overall, as well as with and without co-involvement of opioids. Among all 2017 drug overdose deaths, 13,942 (19.8%) involved cocaine, and 10,333 (14.7%) involved psychostimulants. Death rates increased from 2016 to 2017 for both drug categories across demographic characteristics, urbanization levels, Census regions, and states. In 2017, opioids were involved in 72.7% and 50.4% of cocaine-involved and psychostimulant-involved overdoses, respectively, and the data suggest that increases in cocaine-involved overdose deaths from 2012 to 2017 were driven primarily by synthetic opioids.(3) There was opioid co-involvement in 72.7 percent of cocaine and 50.4 percent of stimulant-involved overdose deaths. This was largely driven by synthetic opioids such as fentanyl. However, stimulant-involved overdose without opioid co-involvement is also increasing.(2)	ACETAMIN-CAFF-DIHYDROCODEINE, ACETAMINOPHEN-CODEINE, APADAZ, ASA-BUTALB-CAFFEINE-CODEINE, ASCOMP WITH CODEINE, BELBUCA, BELLADONNA-OPIUM, BENZHYDROCODONE-ACETAMINOPHEN, BUPRENORPHINE HCL, BUPRENORPHINE-NALOXONE, BUTALB-ACETAMINOPH-CAFF-CODEIN, BUTORPHANOL TARTRATE, CARISOPRODOL-ASPIRIN-CODEINE, CODEINE PHOSPHATE, CODEINE SULFATE, DIHYDROCODEINE BITARTRATE, DILAUDID, DISKETS, DSUVIA, DURAMORPH, ENDOCET, FENTANYL CITRATE, FENTANYL CITRATE-0.9% NACL, FENTANYL CITRATE-D5W, FENTANYL CITRATE-STERILE WATER, FENTANYL CITRATE-WATER, FENTANYL-BUPIVACAINE-0.9% NACL, FENTANYL-BUPIVACAINE-NACL, FENTANYL-ROPIVACAINE-0.9% NACL, FENTANYL-ROPIVACAINE-NACL, FIORICET WITH CODEINE, HYDROCODONE BITARTRATE, HYDROCODONE-ACETAMINOPHEN, HYDROCODONE-IBUPROFEN, HYDROMORPHONE HCL, HYDROMORPHONE HCL-0.9% NACL, HYDROMORPHONE HCL-D5W, HYDROMORPHONE HCL-NACL, HYDROMORPHONE HCL-WATER, INFUMORPH, LEVORPHANOL TARTRATE, METHADONE HCL, METHADONE HCL-0.9% NACL, METHADONE HCL-NACL, METHADONE INTENSOL, METHADOSE, MITIGO, MORPHINE SULFATE, MORPHINE SULFATE-0.9% NACL, MORPHINE SULFATE-NACL, NALBUPHINE HCL, NALOCET, NUCYNTA, OLINVYK, OPIUM TINCTURE, OXYCODONE HCL, OXYCODONE HYDROCHLORIDE, OXYCODONE-ACETAMINOPHEN, OXYMORPHONE HCL, PENTAZOCINE-NALOXONE HCL, PERCOCET, PRIMLEV, PROLATE, REMIFENTANIL HCL, ROXICODONE, ROXYBOND, SUBOXONE, SUFENTANIL CITRATE, TREZIX, ULTIVA, ZUBSOLV
Opioids (Extended Release)/Selected Stimulants SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Opioids and stimulants exhibit opposing effects on the CNS. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of opioids and stimulants may have unpredictable effects and may mask overdose symptoms of the opioid, such as drowsiness and inability to focus. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Concurrent use of alcohol or other CNS depressants may increase the risk of adverse effects. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Limit prescribing opioid analgesics with CNS stimulants such as amphetamines to patients for whom alternatives are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, limit the dosages and duration of each drug to the minimum possible while achieving the desired clinical effect. Respiratory depression can occur at any time during opioid therapy, especially during therapy initiation and following dosage increases. Consider this risk when using concurrently with stimulants.(1) Monitor patients receiving concurrent therapy for signs of substance abuse. DISCUSSION: A total of 70,237 persons died from drug overdoses in the United States in 2017; approximately two thirds of these deaths involved an opioid.(2). The CDC analyzed 2016-2017 changes in age-adjusted death rates involving cocaine and psychostimulants by demographic characteristics, urbanization levels, U.S. Census region, 34 states, and the District of Columbia (DC). The CDC also examined trends in age-adjusted cocaine-involved and psychostimulant-involved death rates from 2003 to 2017 overall, as well as with and without co-involvement of opioids. Among all 2017 drug overdose deaths, 13,942 (19.8%) involved cocaine, and 10,333 (14.7%) involved psychostimulants. Death rates increased from 2016 to 2017 for both drug categories across demographic characteristics, urbanization levels, Census regions, and states. In 2017, opioids were involved in 72.7% and 50.4% of cocaine-involved and psychostimulant-involved overdoses, respectively, and the data suggest that increases in cocaine-involved overdose deaths from 2012 to 2017 were driven primarily by synthetic opioids.(3) There was opioid co-involvement in 72.7 percent of cocaine and 50.4 percent of stimulant-involved overdose deaths. This was largely driven by synthetic opioids such as fentanyl. However, stimulant-involved overdose without opioid co-involvement is also increasing.(2)	BRIXADI, BUPRENORPHINE, BUTRANS, FENTANYL, HYDROCODONE BITARTRATE ER, HYDROMORPHONE ER, HYSINGLA ER, MORPHINE SULFATE ER, MS CONTIN, NUCYNTA ER, OXYCODONE HCL ER, OXYCONTIN, OXYMORPHONE HCL ER, SUBLOCADE, XTAMPZA ER
Benzodiazepines/Selected Stimulants SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Benzodiazepines and stimulants exhibit opposing effects on the CNS. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of benzodiazepine and stimulants may have unpredictable effects and may mask overdose symptoms of the benzodiazepine, such as drowsiness and inability to focus. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Concurrent use of alcohol or other CNS depressants may increase the risk of adverse effects. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Limit prescribing benzodiazepines with CNS stimulants such as amphetamines to patients for whom alternatives are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, limit the dosages and duration of each drug to the minimum possible while achieving the desired clinical effect. Monitor patients receiving concurrent therapy for signs of substance abuse. DISCUSSION: Analysis of the 2015 and 2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health found that misuse of benzodiazepines was strongly associated with misuse of or dependences on stimulants.(1) Benzodiazepines are used to reduce the adverse effects of stimulant use, such as insomnia.(2) Patients abusing benzodiazepines in combination with other drugs tend to consume higher dosages of benzodiazepines than patients abusing only benzodiazepines.(3)	ALPRAZOLAM, ALPRAZOLAM ER, ALPRAZOLAM INTENSOL, ALPRAZOLAM ODT, ALPRAZOLAM XR, ATIVAN, BYFAVO, CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE HCL, CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE-AMITRIPTYLINE, CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE-CLIDINIUM, CLOBAZAM, CLONAZEPAM, CLORAZEPATE DIPOTASSIUM, DIAZEPAM, DORAL, ESTAZOLAM, FLURAZEPAM HCL, HALCION, KLONOPIN, LIBRAX, LORAZEPAM, LORAZEPAM INTENSOL, LOREEV XR, MIDAZOLAM, MIDAZOLAM HCL, MIDAZOLAM HCL-0.8% NACL, MIDAZOLAM HCL-0.9% NACL, MIDAZOLAM HCL-D5W, MIDAZOLAM HCL-NACL, MIDAZOLAM-0.9% NACL, MIDAZOLAM-NACL, MKO (MIDAZOLAM-KETAMINE-ONDAN), NAYZILAM, ONFI, OXAZEPAM, QUAZEPAM, RESTORIL, SYMPAZAN, TEMAZEPAM, TRIAZOLAM, VALIUM, VALTOCO, XANAX, XANAX XR
Opioids (Cough & Cold)/Selected Stimulants SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Opioids and stimulants exhibit opposing effects on the CNS. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of opioids and stimulants may have unpredictable effects and may mask overdose symptoms of the opioid, such as drowsiness and inability to focus. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Concurrent use of alcohol or other CNS depressants may increase the risk of adverse effects. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Limit prescribing opioid analgesics with CNS stimulants such as amphetamines to patients for whom alternatives are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, limit the dosages and duration of each drug to the minimum possible while achieving the desired clinical effect. Respiratory depression can occur at any time during opioid therapy, especially during therapy initiation and following dosage increases. Consider this risk when using concurrently with stimulants.(1) Monitor patients receiving concurrent therapy for signs of substance abuse. DISCUSSION: A total of 70,237 persons died from drug overdoses in the United States in 2017; approximately two thirds of these deaths involved an opioid.(2). The CDC analyzed 2016-2017 changes in age-adjusted death rates involving cocaine and psychostimulants by demographic characteristics, urbanization levels, U.S. Census region, 34 states, and the District of Columbia (DC). The CDC also examined trends in age-adjusted cocaine-involved and psychostimulant-involved death rates from 2003 to 2017 overall, as well as with and without co-involvement of opioids. Among all 2017 drug overdose deaths, 13,942 (19.8%) involved cocaine, and 10,333 (14.7%) involved psychostimulants. Death rates increased from 2016 to 2017 for both drug categories across demographic characteristics, urbanization levels, Census regions, and states. In 2017, opioids were involved in 72.7% and 50.4% of cocaine-involved and psychostimulant-involved overdoses, respectively, and the data suggest that increases in cocaine-involved overdose deaths from 2012 to 2017 were driven primarily by synthetic opioids.(3) There was opioid co-involvement in 72.7 percent of cocaine and 50.4 percent of stimulant-involved overdose deaths. This was largely driven by synthetic opioids such as fentanyl. However, stimulant-involved overdose without opioid co-involvement is also increasing.(2)	HYCODAN, HYDROCODONE-CHLORPHENIRAMNE ER, HYDROCODONE-HOMATROPINE MBR, HYDROMET, PROMETHAZINE-CODEINE, TUXARIN ER
Amphetamines/Meperidine SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Opioids and stimulants exhibit opposing effects on the CNS.(1) Amphetamines may affect serotonin release and/or reuptake, depending on their molecular structure. Ring substitution tends to increase amphetamine-induced release of endogenous serotonin. However, the effect on serotonin release may also be dose related and is more likely if the amphetamine is taken in doses greater than those approved and generally employed in treating attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder, or if abused, especially over long periods of time.(1) Meperidine blocks serotonin reuptake. Concurrent administration of amphetamines with meperidine may produce additive effects on serotonin, resulting in serotonin syndrome.(2,3) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of opioids and stimulants may have unpredictable effects and may mask overdose symptoms of the opioid, such as drowsiness and inability to focus. Concurrent use of amphetamines with meperidine may increase the risk of serotonin syndrome, a potentially life-threatening syndrome which may include one or more of the following symptoms: tremor, agitation, diaphoresis, hyperreflexia, clonus, tachycardia, hyperthermia, and muscle rigidity.(4) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Concurrent use of alcohol or other CNS depressants may increase the risk of adverse effects. High doses or long-term abuse of amphetamines may increase the risk of this interaction. Renal dysfunction and chronic use of meperidine would also be expected to increase the risk for serotonin toxicity. Use of multiple drugs which increase serotonin levels is associated with an increased risk for this toxidrome. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Limit prescribing meperidine with CNS stimulants such as amphetamines to patients for whom alternatives are inadequate. Concurrent use of amphetamines with meperidine should be approached with appropriate monitoring, especially during therapy initiation and dose increase. Instruct patients receiving concurrent therapy to report any signs or symptoms of serotonin syndrome immediately. Consider initiating amphetamines or meperidine at lower doses and monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome. Discontinue one or both medications if symptoms occur. Respiratory depression can occur at any time during opioid therapy, especially during therapy initiation and following dosage increases. Consider this risk when using concurrently with stimulants.(1) Monitor patients receiving concurrent therapy for signs of substance abuse. DISCUSSION: A total of 70,237 persons died from drug overdoses in the United States in 2017; approximately two thirds of these deaths involved an opioid.(2). The CDC analyzed 2016-2017 changes in age-adjusted death rates involving cocaine and psychostimulants by demographic characteristics, urbanization levels, U.S. Census region, 34 states, and the District of Columbia (DC). The CDC also examined trends in age-adjusted cocaine-involved and psychostimulant-involved death rates from 2003 to 2017 overall, as well as with and without co-involvement of opioids. Among all 2017 drug overdose deaths, 13,942 (19.8%) involved cocaine, and 10,333 (14.7%) involved psychostimulants. Death rates increased from 2016 to 2017 for both drug categories across demographic characteristics, urbanization levels, Census regions, and states. In 2017, opioids were involved in 72.7% and 50.4% of cocaine-involved and psychostimulant-involved overdoses, respectively, and the data suggest that increases in cocaine-involved overdose deaths from 2012 to 2017 were driven primarily by synthetic opioids.(7) There was opioid co-involvement in 72.7 percent of cocaine and 50.4 percent of stimulant-involved overdose deaths. This was largely driven by synthetic opioids such as fentanyl. However, stimulant-involved overdose without opioid co-involvement is also increasing.(6)	DEMEROL, MEPERIDINE HCL, MEPERIDINE HCL-0.9% NACL
Amphetamines/Antacids; Urinary Alkalinizers SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Antacids and urinary alkalinizers increase the absorption of amphetamines. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of amphetamines and antacids or urinary alkalinizers may result in increased amphetamine levels and side effects. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The US and Canadian manufacturers state that coadministration of alkalinizing agents with amphetamines should be avoided.(1-3) The Canadian manufacturer states that concurrent use of proton pump inhibitors and amphetamines should be avoided.(3) The US manufacturer states that patients receiving concurrent therapy should be monitored for changes in clinical effects.(1) Monitor patients receiving concurrent therapy for changes in amphetamine effectiveness and side effects. If concurrent use cannot be avoided, separate the administration times of amphetamines and antacids. Some vitamin preparations may contain sufficient quantities of calcium and/or magnesium salts with antacid properties to interact as well. DISCUSSION: Concurrent use of alkalinizing agents with amphetamines increase the absorption of amphetamines. Co-administration of these should be avoided because of the potential of increased actions of the amphetamines.(1,2)	ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE, CLENPIQ, MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE, MAGNESIUM CITRATE, MAGNESIUM OXIDE, MAGNESIUM SULFATE, SODIUM BICARBONATE, VAXCHORA BUFFER COMPONENT
Ziprasidone/Serotonergic Agents SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Ziprasidone is a 5-HT1A agonist and serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. Concurrent administration with one or more serotonergic agents may increase serotonin effects, resulting in serotonin toxicity.(1,2) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of ziprasidone and other serotonergic agents may result in serotonin syndrome, a potentially life-threatening condition with symptoms including altered mental status, hypertension, restlessness, myoclonus, hyperthermia, hyperreflexia, diaphoresis, shivering, and tremor.(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Serotonin syndrome risk is dose-related. Higher systemic concentrations of either drug would be predicted to increase risk for serotonin toxicity.(2) Concomitant therapy with multiple agents which increase brain serotonin concentrations may also increase risk for serotonin syndrome.(2) PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Caution patients about the risk of serotonin syndrome with the concomitant use of ziprasidone with other serotonergic drugs. Instruct patients to contact their healthcare provider, or report to the emergency room, should they experience signs or symptoms of serotonin syndrome.(1) DISCUSSION: Several cases of serotonin syndrome have been reported in patients receiving ziprasidone.(4-6)	GEODON, ZIPRASIDONE HCL, ZIPRASIDONE MESYLATE

The following contraindication information is available for DEXTROAMPHETAMINE-AMPHETAMINE (dextroamphetamine sulf-saccharate/amphetamine sulf-aspartate):

Overview
Contraindicated
Severe
Moderate

Drug contraindication overview.

No enhanced Contraindications information available for this drug.

There are 10 contraindications. Absolute contraindication.

Contraindication List
30 day risk period post-myocardial infarction
Cardiac arrhythmia
Cardiomyopathy
Chronic kidney disease stage 5 (failure) GFr<15 ml/min
Congenital long QT syndrome
Coronary artery disease
Glaucoma
Hyperthyroidism
Severe arteriosclerotic vascular disease
Structural disorder of heart

There are 13 severe contraindications. Adequate patient monitoring is recommended for safer drug use.

Severe List
Bipolar disorder
Cerebrovascular accident
Chronic heart failure
Chronic kidney disease stage 4 (severe) GFR 15-29 ml/min
Drug abuse
History of drug abuse
Hypertension
Manic disorder
Motor tic disorder
Pheochromocytoma
Psychotic disorder
Seizure disorder
Suicidal ideation

There are 4 moderate contraindications. Clinically significant contraindication, where the condition can be managed or treated before the drug may be given safely.

Moderate List
Aggressive behavior
Kidney disease with likely reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFr)
Raynaud's phenomenon
Weight loss

The following adverse reaction information is available for DEXTROAMPHETAMINE-AMPHETAMINE (dextroamphetamine sulf-saccharate/amphetamine sulf-aspartate):

Overview
Severe
Less Severe

Adverse reaction overview.

No enhanced Common Adverse Effects information available for this drug.

There are 20 severe adverse reactions.

More Frequent	Less Frequent
None.	Hypersensitivity drug reaction

Rare/Very Rare
Acute myocardial infarction Anaphylaxis Angioedema Atrial fibrillation Cardiac arrhythmia Cardiomyopathy Cerebrovascular accident Drug-induced psychosis Exacerbation of gilles de la tourette's syndrome Gastrointestinal vascular ischemia Hallucinations Hepatitis Hypertension Priapism Rhabdomyolysis Seizure disorder Stevens-johnson syndrome Suicidal ideation Toxic epidermal necrolysis

There are 66 less severe adverse reactions.

More Frequent	Less Frequent
Anorexia False sense of well-being Insomnia Irritability Nausea Nervousness Symptoms of anxiety Upper abdominal pain Vomiting	Abnormal sexual function Agitation Allergic rhinitis Constipation Diarrhea Dizziness Drowsy Dysgeusia Dyspnea Erectile dysfunction Fatigue Fever General weakness Headache disorder Hostility Hyperhidrosis Libido changes Motor tic disorder Palpitations Skin rash Tachycardia Tremor Urinary tract infection Urticaria Weight loss Xerostomia

Rare/Very Rare
Accommodation disorder Aggressive behavior Alopecia Altered mental status Blurred vision Bruising Bruxism Chest pain Depression Diplopia Drug dependence Dyschromia Dysglycemia Dyskinesia Dysphoric mood Epistaxis Euphoria Excoriation disorder Frequent erections Livedo reticularis Logorrhea Manic disorder Mood changes Muscle spasm Mydriasis Pain in oropharynx Paresthesia Peripheral vasoconstriction Raynaud's phenomenon Syncope Tooth disorder

Rare/Very Rare

Accommodation disorder
Aggressive behavior
Alopecia
Altered mental status
Blurred vision
Bruising
Bruxism
Chest pain
Depression
Diplopia
Drug dependence
Dyschromia
Dysglycemia
Dyskinesia
Dysphoric mood
Epistaxis
Euphoria
Excoriation disorder
Frequent erections
Livedo reticularis
Logorrhea
Manic disorder
Mood changes
Muscle spasm
Mydriasis
Pain in oropharynx
Paresthesia
Peripheral vasoconstriction
Raynaud's phenomenon
Syncope
Tooth disorder

The following precautions are available for DEXTROAMPHETAMINE-AMPHETAMINE (dextroamphetamine sulf-saccharate/amphetamine sulf-aspartate):

Pediatric
Pregnant
Lactation
Geriatric

No enhanced Pediatric Use information available for this drug.

Contraindicated

None

Severe Precaution

None

Management or Monitoring Precaution

None

No enhanced Pregnancy information available for this drug.

No enhanced Lactation information available for this drug.

No enhanced Geriatric Use information available for this drug.

The following icd codes are available for DEXTROAMPHETAMINE-AMPHETAMINE (dextroamphetamine sulf-saccharate/amphetamine sulf-aspartate)'s list of indications:

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
F90	Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders
F90.0	Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, predominantly inattentive type
F90.1	Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, predominantly hyperactive type
F90.2	Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, combined type
F90.8	Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, other type
F90.9	Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, unspecified type
Narcolepsy syndrome
G47.4	Narcolepsy and cataplexy
G47.41	Narcolepsy
G47.411	Narcolepsy with cataplexy
G47.419	Narcolepsy without cataplexy
G47.42	Narcolepsy in conditions classified elsewhere
G47.421	Narcolepsy in conditions classified elsewhere with cataplexy
G47.429	Narcolepsy in conditions classified elsewhere without cataplexy