Doxycycline Ir-Dr

Drug overview for DOXYCYCLINE IR-DR (doxycycline monohydrate):

Generic name: DOXYCYCLINE MONOHYDRATE (dox-ee-SYE-kleen)
Drug class: Tetracyclines
Therapeutic class: Dermatological

Doxycycline is a tetracycline antibiotic and also has anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects.

No enhanced Uses information available for this drug.

DRUG IMAGES

ORACEA 40 MG CAPSULE

The following indications for DOXYCYCLINE IR-DR (doxycycline monohydrate) have been approved by the FDA:

Indications:
Severe recalcitrant nodular rosacea

Professional Synonyms:
Phymatous rosacea
Severe recalcitrant cystic rosacea

Dosing information for DOXYCYCLINE IR-DR
DRUG LABEL	DOSING TYPE	DOSING INSTRUCTIONS
DOXYCYCLINE IR-DR 40 MG CAP	Maintenance	Adults take 1 capsule (40 mg) by oral route once daily in the morning at least 1 hour before or 2 hours after meals

Generic dosing information for DOXYCYCLINE IR-DR
DRUG LABEL	DOSING TYPE	DOSING INSTRUCTIONS
DOXYCYCLINE IR-DR 40 MG CAP	Maintenance	Adults take 1 capsule (40 mg) by oral route once daily in the morning at least 1 hour before or 2 hours after meals

The following drug interaction information is available for DOXYCYCLINE IR-DR (doxycycline monohydrate):

Contraindicated
Severe
Moderate

There are 2 contraindications. These drug combinations generally should not be dispensed or administered to the same patient. A manufacturer label warning that indicates the contraindication warrants inclusion of a drug combination in this category, regardless of clinical evidence or lack of clinical evidence to support the contraindication.

Drug Interaction	Drug Names
Live Typhoid Vaccine/Antimicrobials SEVERITY LEVEL: 1-Contraindicated Drug Combination: This drug combination is contraindicated and generally should not be dispensed or administered to the same patient. MECHANISM OF ACTION: The antimicrobial may be active against the organism in the live-vaccine. Antimicrobial therapy may prevent the vaccine organism from replicating enough to trigger an immune response.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Vaccination may be ineffective. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Do not give oral typhoid vaccine until 72 hours after the last dose of antimicrobial. If possible, to optimize vaccine effectiveness, do not start antibacterial drugs for 72 hours after the last dose of oral typhoid vaccine. A longer interval should be considered for long-acting antimicrobials, such as azithromycin.(3) DISCUSSION: Because antimicrobial therapy may prevent sufficient vaccine-organism replication to generate an immune response, the manufacturer of live-attenuated typhoid vaccine and the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) state that the vaccine should not be administered to patients receiving antimicrobial therapy.(1-3)	VIVOTIF
Selected Retinoids (Systemic)/Tetracyclines SEVERITY LEVEL: 1-Contraindicated Drug Combination: This drug combination is contraindicated and generally should not be dispensed or administered to the same patient. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Both systemic tetracyclines(1-4,14) and systemic retinoids(5-14) have been independently associated with medication-induced intracranial hypertension. CLINICAL EFFECTS: The concurrent use of oral retinoids(5-12) with tetracyclines has been associated with pseudotumor cerebri (benign intracranial hypertension). Early signs of pseudotumor cerebri include papilledema (inflammation of the optic nerve), headache, nausea, vomiting, and visual disturbances such as blurred vision, double vision, and loss of vision.(15) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Women of childbearing age who are overweight or have a previous history of intracranial hypertension are at a greater risk of developing intracranial hypertension.(15) PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The UK(5) and US(6) manufacturers of acitretin state state that concurrent use with tetracyclines is contraindicated. The UK manufacturer of isotretinoin states that concurrent use with tetracyclines is contraindicated.(7) The US manufacturer of isotretinoin states that the concurrent use of tetracyclines should be avoided.(8) The US manufacturer of minocycline states that the administration of isotretinoin should be avoided shortly before, during and shortly after minocycline therapy.(2) The UK manufacturers of oral tretinoin and alitretinoin states that concurrent use with tetracyclines is contraindicated.(9,11) The Canadian manufacturer of palovarotene states that coadministration of tetracycline derivatives should be avoided.(12) Patients who present with symptoms of pseudotumor cerebri should be screened for papilledema. If papilledema is present, they should discontinue the drug and be referred to a neurologist for further treatment.(5-13) DISCUSSION: The concurrent use of isotretinoin and tetracyclines has been associated with pseudotumor cerebri.(5-13) A review of ocular side effects from the National Registry of Drug-Induced Ocular Side Effects, the World Health Organization, the Food and Drug Administration, and medical journals from 1979 to 2003 found 6 patients who developed intracranial hypertension while taking concurrent minocycline or tetracycline with tretinoin, acitretin, or etretinate.(13)	ABSORICA, ABSORICA LD, ACCUTANE, ACITRETIN, AMNESTEEM, CLARAVIS, ISOTRETINOIN, RETINOIC ACID, SOHONOS, TRETINOIN, TRETINOIN ACID, ZENATANE

Drug Interaction

Drug Names

Live Typhoid Vaccine/Antimicrobials

SEVERITY LEVEL: 1-Contraindicated Drug Combination: This drug combination is contraindicated and generally should not be dispensed or administered to the same patient.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: The antimicrobial may be active against the organism in the live-vaccine. Antimicrobial therapy may prevent the vaccine organism from replicating enough to trigger an immune response.(1)

CLINICAL EFFECTS: Vaccination may be ineffective.

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Do not give oral typhoid vaccine until 72 hours after the last dose of antimicrobial. If possible, to optimize vaccine effectiveness, do not start antibacterial drugs for 72 hours after the last dose of oral typhoid vaccine. A longer interval should be considered for long-acting antimicrobials, such as azithromycin.(3)

DISCUSSION: Because antimicrobial therapy may prevent sufficient vaccine-organism replication to generate an immune response, the manufacturer of live-attenuated typhoid vaccine and the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) state that the vaccine should not be administered to patients receiving antimicrobial therapy.(1-3)

VIVOTIF

Selected Retinoids (Systemic)/Tetracyclines

SEVERITY LEVEL: 1-Contraindicated Drug Combination: This drug combination is contraindicated and generally should not be dispensed or administered to the same patient.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: Both systemic tetracyclines(1-4,14) and systemic retinoids(5-14) have been independently associated with medication-induced intracranial hypertension.

CLINICAL EFFECTS: The concurrent use of oral retinoids(5-12) with tetracyclines has been associated with pseudotumor cerebri (benign intracranial hypertension). Early signs of pseudotumor cerebri include papilledema (inflammation of the optic nerve), headache, nausea, vomiting, and visual disturbances such as blurred vision, double vision, and loss of vision.(15)

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Women of childbearing age who are overweight or have a previous history of intracranial hypertension are at a greater risk of developing intracranial hypertension.(15)

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The UK(5) and US(6) manufacturers of acitretin state state that concurrent use with tetracyclines is contraindicated. The UK manufacturer of isotretinoin states that concurrent use with tetracyclines is contraindicated.(7) The US manufacturer of isotretinoin states that the concurrent use of tetracyclines should be avoided.(8)

The US manufacturer of minocycline states that the administration of isotretinoin should be avoided shortly before, during and shortly after minocycline therapy.(2) The UK manufacturers of oral tretinoin and alitretinoin states that concurrent use with tetracyclines is contraindicated.(9,11) The Canadian manufacturer of palovarotene states that coadministration of tetracycline derivatives should be avoided.(12)

Patients who present with symptoms of pseudotumor cerebri should be screened for papilledema. If papilledema is present, they should discontinue the drug and be referred to a neurologist for further treatment.(5-13)

DISCUSSION: The concurrent use of isotretinoin and tetracyclines has been associated with pseudotumor cerebri.(5-13) A review of ocular side effects from the National Registry of Drug-Induced Ocular Side Effects, the World Health Organization, the Food and Drug Administration, and medical journals from 1979 to 2003 found 6 patients who developed intracranial hypertension while taking concurrent minocycline or tetracycline with tretinoin, acitretin, or etretinate.(13)

ABSORICA, ABSORICA LD, ACCUTANE, ACITRETIN, AMNESTEEM, CLARAVIS, ISOTRETINOIN, RETINOIC ACID, SOHONOS, TRETINOIN, TRETINOIN ACID, ZENATANE

There are 6 severe interactions. These drug interactions can produce serious consequences in most patients. Actions required for severe interactions include, but are not limited to, discontinuing one or both agents, adjusting dosage, altering administration scheduling, and providing additional patient monitoring. Review the full interaction monograph for more information.

Drug Interaction	Drug Names
Topical Tretinoin/Tetracyclines SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: The exact mechanism is unknown. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of topical tretinoin with tetracyclines may increase the risk of phototoxicity(1) in some patients.(2) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Patients using topical tretinoin for the treatment of photodamage may be predisposed to photosensitivity.(2) PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Concurrent use of topical tretinoin and tetracycline is standard practice in the treatment of acne.(3) However, patients taking tetracyclines should not use topical tretinoin (e.g Renova) for the treatment of photodamage.(1,2) DISCUSSION: The concurrent use of topical tretinoin and tetracyclines may result in an increased risk of phototoxicity.(1,2)	KATARYA, KATARYAXN, KETARYA, KEVARYA, KUTARYAXM, KUTARYAXMPA, KUVARYA, KUVARYE, MECORIX, MECORIX HP, MECORIX PLUS, MEKAM, MEKAM HP, MELIDU, MELONDIS, MELONDIS PLUS, MOLEXI, MYTHIUS, REFISSA, RENOVA, RENOVA PUMP, TRETINOIN, TRI-LUMA, YAXATARXYN, YOKATAR
Cholera Vaccine Live/Selected Antibiotics SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Antibiotics with activity against Vibrio cholerae may attenuate the immunization response to the live cholera vaccine.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent or recent antibiotic use may make the cholera vaccine ineffective.(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The manufacturer of live cholera vaccine states that it should not be administered to patients who have received antibiotics within 14 days prior to vaccination.(1) If antimalarial prophylaxis with chloroquine is required, administer the live cholera vaccine at least 10 days before beginning chloroquine.(1) Antibiotics linked to this monograph are: macrolides, quinolones, tetracyclines, ampicillin, cefprozil, chloramphenicol, furazolidone, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and sulfametrole-trimethoprim.(2,3) DISCUSSION: Antibiotics with activity against Vibrio cholerae may attenuate the immunization response to the live cholera vaccine, rendering the vaccine ineffective.	VAXCHORA ACTIVE COMPONENT, VAXCHORA VACCINE
Aminolevulinic Acid/Selected Photosensitizers SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Aminolevulinic acid, anthralin, coal tar and derivatives, fluoroquinolones, griseofulvin, organic staining dyes (such as methylene blue, rose bengal, or toluidine blue), phenothiazines, selected NSAIDs (such as diclofenac, ketoprofen, nabumetone, naproxen, piroxicam, and tiaprofenic acid), St. John's wort, sulfonamides, sulfonylureas, tetracyclines, and thiazides are all known photosensitizers.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of aminolevulinic acid in patients taking anthralin, coal tar and derivatives, fluoroquinolones, griseofulvin, organic staining dyes (such as methylene blue, rose bengal, or toluidine blue), phenothiazines, selected NSAIDs (such as diclofenac, ketoprofen, nabumetone, naproxen, piroxicam, and tiaprofenic acid), St. John's wort, sulfonamides, sulfonylureas, tetracyclines, and thiazides may increase the risk of phototoxicity.(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The US manufacturer states that aminolevulinic acid should be avoided in patients receiving photosensitizers including anthralin, coal tar and derivatives, fluoroquinolones, griseofulvin, organic staining dyes (such as methylene blue, rose bengal, or toluidine blue), phenothiazines, selected NSAIDs (such as diclofenac, ketoprofen, nabumetone, naproxen, piroxicam, and tiaprofenic acid), St. John's wort, sulfonamides, sulfonylureas, tetracyclines, and thiazides for 24 hours before and after administration of aminolevulinic acid.(1) DISCUSSION: Because of the risk of increased photosensitivity, the US manufacturer states that aminolevulinic acid should be avoided in patients receiving photosensitizers including anthralin, coal tar and derivatives, fluoroquinolones, griseofulvin, organic staining dyes (such as methylene blue, rose bengal, or toluidine blue), phenothiazines, selected NSAIDs (such as diclofenac, ketoprofen, nabumetone, naproxen, piroxicam, and tiaprofenic acid), St. John's wort, sulfonamides, sulfonylureas, tetracyclines, and thiazides for 24 hours before and after administration of aminolevulinic acid.(1)	AMINOLEVULINIC ACID HCL, GLEOLAN
Porfimer/Selected Photosensitizers SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Porfimer causes photosensitivity due to residual drug which is present in all parts of the skin. Anthralin, coal tar and derivatives, fluoroquinolones, griseofulvin, organic staining dyes (such as methylene blue, rose bengal, or toluidine blue), phenothiazines, selected NSAIDs (such as diclofenac, ketoprofen, nabumetone, naproxen, piroxicam, and tiaprofenic acid), St. John's wort, sulfonamides, sulfonylureas, tetracyclines, and thiazides are other known photosensitizers.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of porfimer in patients taking anthralin, coal tar and derivatives, fluoroquinolones, griseofulvin, organic staining dyes (such as methylene blue, rose bengal, or toluidine blue), phenothiazines, selected NSAIDs (such as diclofenac, ketoprofen, nabumetone, naproxen, piroxicam, and tiaprofenic acid), St. John's wort, sulfonamides, sulfonylureas, tetracyclines, and thiazides may increase the risk of phototoxicity.(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Patients with any hepatic impairment and patients with severe renal impairment have reduced drug elimination and may remain photosensitive for 90 days or longer.(1) PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The US manufacturer of porfimer states that concurrent use of porfimer with photosensitizers including anthralin, coal tar and derivatives, fluoroquinolones, griseofulvin, organic staining dyes (such as methylene blue, rose bengal, or toluidine blue), phenothiazines, selected NSAIDs (such as diclofenac, ketoprofen, nabumetone, naproxen, piroxicam, and tiaprofenic acid), St. John's wort, sulfonamides, sulfonylureas, tetracyclines, and thiazides should be avoided.(1) Since the photosensitive effect of porfimer may persist for at least 30 days (and for 90 days in some patients), it would be prudent to avoid other photosensitizing agents for at least 30 days after administration of porfimer. DISCUSSION: All patients who have received porfimer become photosensitive. It is unknown what the risk of photosensitivity reactions is when porfimer is used concurrently with other photosensitizing agents. When porfimer was used in clinical trials, photosensitivity reactions occurred in about 20% of cancer patients and in 69% of high-grade dysplasia in Barretts esophagus patients. Most of the reactions were mild to moderate erythema, but they also included swelling, pruritus, burning sensation, feeling hot, or blisters. The majority of reactions occurred within 90 days of porfimer administration.(1)	PHOTOFRIN
Methoxsalen/Selected Photosensitizers SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Methoxsalen causes photosensitivity due to residual drug which is present in all parts of the skin from photopheresis. Anthralin, coal tar and derivatives, fluoroquinolones, griseofulvin, organic staining dyes (such as methylene blue, rose bengal, or toluidine blue), phenothiazines, selected NSAIDs (such as diclofenac, ketoprofen, nabumetone, naproxen, piroxicam, and tiaprofenic acid), St. John's wort, sulfonamides, sulfonylureas, tetracyclines, and thiazides are other known photosensitizers.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of methoxsalen in patients taking anthralin, coal tar and derivatives, fluoroquinolones, griseofulvin, organic staining dyes (such as methylene blue, rose bengal, or toluidine blue), phenothiazines, selected NSAIDs (such as diclofenac, ketoprofen, nabumetone, naproxen, piroxicam, and tiaprofenic acid), St. John's wort, sulfonamides, sulfonylureas, tetracyclines, and thiazides may increase the risk of phototoxicity.(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The US manufacturer of methoxsalen states that concurrent use of methoxsalen with anthralin, coal tar and derivatives, fluoroquinolones, griseofulvin, organic staining dyes (such as methylene blue, rose bengal, or toluidine blue), phenothiazines, selected NSAIDs (such as diclofenac, ketoprofen, nabumetone, naproxen, piroxicam, and tiaprofenic acid), St. John's wort, sulfonamides, sulfonylureas, tetracyclines, and thiazides should be avoided.(1) DISCUSSION: All patients who have received methoxsalen become photosensitive. It is unknown what the risk of photosensitivity reactions is when methoxsalen is used concurrently with other photosensitizing agents.(1)	METHOXSALEN, UVADEX
Fecal Microbiota Spores/Antibiotics SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Fecal microbiota spores is a suspension of live bacterial spores, which may be compromised by concurrent use of antibiotics.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of fecal microbiota spores.(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Antibiotics should not be used concurrently with fecal microbiota spores. Antibacterial treatment should be completed for 2 to 4 days before initiating treatment with fecal microbiota spores.(1) DISCUSSION: Antibiotics may compromise the effectiveness of fecal microbiota spores.	VOWST

There are 5 moderate interactions. The clinician should assess the patient’s characteristics and take action as needed. Actions required for moderate interactions include, but are not limited to, discontinuing one or both agents, adjusting dosage, altering administration.

Drug Interaction	Drug Names
Tetracyclines/Divalent & Trivalent Cations SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Di- and trivalent cations may form chelation complexes with tetracyclines, preventing their absorption.(1,2) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Simultaneous administration of di- or trivalent cations may result in decreased levels of and therapeutics effects from tetracyclines. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Administer tetracyclines at least two hours before or after the di- or trivalent cations. When used for the treatment of H. pylori infection, tetracyclines and bismuth should be given simultaneously. The US manufacturer of omadacycline states to fast for at least four hours, administer omadacycline, and then wait four hours before taking di- or trivalent cations.(21) DISCUSSION: Concurrent administration of aluminum hydroxide or divalent cations (such as calcium, magnesium, or zinc) has been shown to significantly decrease the gastrointestinal absorption of tetracycline.(3-5) Concurrent administration of tetracycline and magnesium-aluminum hydroxide gel has been shown to decrease the tetracycline area-under-curve (AUC) by 90%.(6) Magnesium-aluminum silicate has been shown to decrease the AUC of tetracycline by 27%.(7) Demeclocycline(8,9) methacycline,(10) chlortetracycline,(11) and oxytetracycline(10,12) have been shown to interact with aluminum hydroxide and/or dairy products. Doxycycline has been reported to interact with aluminum hydroxide gel.(13) Aluminum magnesium hydroxide has been shown to decrease doxycycline absorption by 84%.(14) Minocycline absorption has been shown to be impaired by aluminum, calcium, and magnesium.(15) Bismuth subsalicylate has been shown to decrease absorption of doxycycline and tetracycline by 37%(16) and 34%,(17) respectively. Since sucralfate is an aluminum salt of a sulfated disaccharide, it may also prevent absorption of tetracyclines. This complex has been used to provide site-specific delivery of tetracycline to gastric ulcers in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori gastric ulcer disease and may be useful in some indications.(18) Quinapril tablets contain a high percentage of magnesium and have been shown to decrease the absorption of tetracycline by 28-37%.(19) Lanthanum is expected to interact with tetracyclines as well.(20)	ACCRUFER, ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE, ATTAPULGITE, AUROVELA 24 FE, AUROVELA FE, AURYXIA, BALCOLTRA, BISMUTH CITRATE, BISMUTH SUBSALICYLATE, BLISOVI 24 FE, BLISOVI FE, CALCIUM ACETATE, CALCIUM CHLORIDE, CALCIUM GLUCONATE, CALCIUM GLUCONATE MONOHYDRATE, CARAFATE, CHARLOTTE 24 FE, CLENPIQ, FEIRZA, FERRIC CITRATE, FINZALA, FOSRENOL, GEMMILY, HAILEY 24 FE, HAILEY FE, JOYEAUX, JUNEL FE, JUNEL FE 24, KAITLIB FE, KAOLIN, LANTHANUM CARBONATE, LARIN 24 FE, LARIN FE, LAYOLIS FE, LEVONORG-ETH ESTRAD-FE BISGLYC, LO LOESTRIN FE, LOESTRIN FE, MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE, MAGNESIUM CITRATE, MAGNESIUM OXIDE, MAGNESIUM SULFATE, MERZEE, MIBELAS 24 FE, MICROGESTIN FE, MINZOYA, NORETHIN-ETH ESTRA-FERROUS FUM, NORETHINDRONE-E.ESTRADIOL-IRON, SOD SULF-POTASS SULF-MAG SULF, SUCRALFATE, SUFLAVE, SUPREP, SUTAB, TARINA 24 FE, TARINA FE, TARINA FE 1-20 EQ, TAYTULLA, TILIA FE, TRI-LEGEST FE, VELPHORO, WYMZYA FE, XARAH FE, XELRIA FE, ZINC CHLORIDE, ZINC OXIDE, ZINC SULFATE
Doxycycline/CYP3A4 Inducers SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: CYP3A4 inducers may induce the metabolism of doxycyline. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent or recent use of an inducer of CYP3A4 may result in decreased antimicrobial activity of doxycycline. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Induction effects may be more likely with regular use of the inducer for longer than 1-2 weeks. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: If both drugs are administered, monitor the response to doxycycline. Adjust the dose of the drug or consider administration of a non-interacting tetracycline analogue (e.g. tetracycline) if necessary. DISCUSSION: The effects of the interaction develop over approximately one to two weeks after starting the inducer and reverse over a period of several weeks after stopping the inducer. The elimination of demeclocycline, methacycline, oxytetracycline and tetracycline are not expected to be altered by CYP3A4 inducers as these tetracyclines are primarily excreted by the kidneys. Serum doxycycline concentrations may increase when the inducer is stopped. In a study, the half-life of doxycycline in 7 patients on long-term phenytoin therapy, 5 patients on long-term carbamazepine therapy, 4 patients on long-term combination phenytoin and carbamazepine therapy, and 9 control subjects was 7.2 hours, 8.4 hours, 7.4 hours, and 15.1 hours, respectively.(1) In a study, the half-life of doxycycline was significantly reduced in patients receiving barbiturate therapy.(2) In a study that compared healthy-controls with patients on long-term antiepileptic therapy, the half-life of doxycyline was significantly decreased in patients receiving barbiturates, phenytoin, or carbamazepine. The half-lives of chlortetracycline, demethylchlortetracycline, methacycline, oxytetracycline, and tetracycline were unaffected.(3) In a study in 7 patients, the half-life of doxycycline (200 mg/day) decreased from 17.9 hours to 9.2 hours following the addition of rifampin (10 mg/kg/day) to therapy.(4) CYP3A4 inducers linked to this monograph include: apalutamide, barbiturates, carbamazepine, encorafenib, enzalutamide, fosphenytoin, ivosidenib, lumacaftor, mitotane, phenytoin, primidone, rifamycins, and St. John's Wort.	ASA-BUTALB-CAFFEINE-CODEINE, ASCOMP WITH CODEINE, BRAFTOVI, BUTALB-ACETAMINOPH-CAFF-CODEIN, BUTALBITAL, BUTALBITAL-ACETAMINOPHEN, BUTALBITAL-ACETAMINOPHEN-CAFFE, BUTALBITAL-ASPIRIN-CAFFEINE, CARBAMAZEPINE, CARBAMAZEPINE ER, CARBATROL, CEREBYX, DILANTIN, DILANTIN-125, DONNATAL, EPITOL, EQUETRO, ERLEADA, FIORICET, FIORICET WITH CODEINE, FOSPHENYTOIN SODIUM, LYSODREN, MITOTANE, MYSOLINE, ORKAMBI, PENTOBARBITAL SODIUM, PHENOBARBITAL, PHENOBARBITAL SODIUM, PHENOBARBITAL-BELLADONNA, PHENOBARBITAL-HYOSC-ATROP-SCOP, PHENOHYTRO, PHENYTEK, PHENYTOIN, PHENYTOIN SODIUM, PHENYTOIN SODIUM EXTENDED, PRIFTIN, PRIMIDONE, RIFADIN, RIFAMPIN, SEZABY, TEGRETOL, TEGRETOL XR, TENCON, TIBSOVO, XTANDI
Contraceptives/Tetracyclines; Tigecycline SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Not established. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Reduced pharmacologic effects of oral contraceptives with resultant breakthrough bleeding and pregnancy may occur. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Current guidelines suggest that additional precautions are not necessary when non-enzyme inducing antibiotics are used concurrently with hormonal contraceptives; however, some patients may still prefer to use an additional method of contraception. DISCUSSION: Evidence for this interaction is limited and conflicting; however, the CDC and the Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare Clinical Effectiveness Unit no longer recommend use of a backup contraceptive method during use of a non-enzyme inducing antibiotic. Pregnancy has been reported following the addition of tetracycline to oral contraceptive therapy.(1) In contrast, a study in 7 healthy women found no effect of tetracycline on ethinyl estradiol or norethindrone levels.(2) A study in 24 healthy women found no significant effects of doxycycline on ethinyl estradiol, norethindrone, or progesterone levels. However, the authors noted that there large inter-patient and inter-patient variability in these levels and that the interaction may just manifest itself in a small proportion of women.(3)	2-METHOXYESTRADIOL, AFIRMELLE, ALTAVERA, ALYACEN, AMETHIA, AMETHYST, APRI, ARANELLE, ASHLYNA, AUBRA, AUBRA EQ, AUROVELA, AUROVELA 24 FE, AUROVELA FE, AVIANE, AYUNA, AZURETTE, BALCOLTRA, BALZIVA, BEYAZ, BLISOVI 24 FE, BLISOVI FE, BRIELLYN, CAMILA, CAMRESE, CAMRESE LO, CAZIANT, CHARLOTTE 24 FE, CHATEAL EQ, CRYSELLE, CYRED, CYRED EQ, DASETTA, DAYSEE, DEBLITANE, DESOGESTR-ETH ESTRAD ETH ESTRA, DIETHYLSTILBESTROL, DOLISHALE, DROSPIRENONE-ETH ESTRA-LEVOMEF, DROSPIRENONE-ETHINYL ESTRADIOL, ELINEST, ELLA, EMZAHH, ENPRESSE, ENSKYCE, ERRIN, ESTARYLLA, ESTRADIOL, ESTRADIOL BENZOATE, ESTRADIOL CYPIONATE, ESTRADIOL HEMIHYDRATE, ESTRADIOL HEMIHYDRATE MICRO, ESTRADIOL MICRONIZED, ESTRADIOL VALERATE, ESTRIOL, ESTRIOL MICRONIZED, ESTRONE, ETHINYL ESTRADIOL, ETHYNODIOL-ETHINYL ESTRADIOL, FALMINA, FEIRZA, FEMLYV, FINZALA, GEMMILY, HAILEY, HAILEY 24 FE, HAILEY FE, HEATHER, ICLEVIA, INCASSIA, ISIBLOOM, JAIMIESS, JASMIEL, JENCYCLA, JOLESSA, JOYEAUX, JULEBER, JUNEL, JUNEL FE, JUNEL FE 24, KAITLIB FE, KALLIGA, KARIVA, KELNOR 1-35, KELNOR 1-50, KURVELO, LARIN, LARIN 24 FE, LARIN FE, LAYOLIS FE, LEENA, LESSINA, LEVONEST, LEVONORG-ETH ESTRAD ETH ESTRAD, LEVONORG-ETH ESTRAD-FE BISGLYC, LEVONORGESTREL-ETH ESTRADIOL, LEVORA-28, LO LOESTRIN FE, LO-ZUMANDIMINE, LOESTRIN, LOESTRIN FE, LOJAIMIESS, LORYNA, LOW-OGESTREL, LUTERA, LYLEQ, LYZA, MARLISSA, MERZEE, MIBELAS 24 FE, MICROGESTIN, MICROGESTIN FE, MILI, MINZOYA, MONO-LINYAH, NATAZIA, NECON, NEXTSTELLIS, NIKKI, NORA-BE, NORETHIN-ETH ESTRA-FERROUS FUM, NORETHINDRON-ETHINYL ESTRADIOL, NORETHINDRONE, NORETHINDRONE-E.ESTRADIOL-IRON, NORGESTIMATE-ETHINYL ESTRADIOL, NORTREL, NYLIA, OCELLA, ORTHO TRI-CYCLEN, ORTHO-NOVUM, PHILITH, PIMTREA, PORTIA, RECLIPSEN, RIVELSA, SAFYRAL, SETLAKIN, SHAROBEL, SIMLIYA, SIMPESSE, SLYND, SPRINTEC, SRONYX, SYEDA, TARINA 24 FE, TARINA FE, TARINA FE 1-20 EQ, TAYTULLA, TILIA FE, TRI-ESTARYLLA, TRI-LEGEST FE, TRI-LINYAH, TRI-LO-ESTARYLLA, TRI-LO-MARZIA, TRI-LO-MILI, TRI-LO-SPRINTEC, TRI-MILI, TRI-SPRINTEC, TRI-VYLIBRA, TRI-VYLIBRA LO, TRIVORA-28, TULANA, TURQOZ, TYBLUME, VALTYA, VELIVET, VESTURA, VIENVA, VIORELE, VOLNEA, VYFEMLA, VYLIBRA, WERA, WYMZYA FE, XARAH FE, XELRIA FE, YASMIN 28, YAZ, ZARAH, ZOVIA 1-35, ZUMANDIMINE
Digoxin, Oral/Tetracyclines SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: In approximately 10% of patients receiving digoxin, a considerable amount of an administered dose of the drug is metabolized by GI bacteria to inactive digoxin reduction products (DRPs). Concomitant administration of tetracycline may alter the GI flora, enabling an increased amount of digoxin to be absorbed. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Increased serum digoxin levels with possible toxicity may occur. This effect may persist for several months after tetracycline is discontinued. Symptoms of digoxin toxicity can include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, headache, fatigue, malaise, drowsiness, generalized muscle weakness, disorientation, hallucinations, visual disturbances, and arrhythmias. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Low body weight, advanced age, impaired renal function, hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, and/or hypomagnesemia may increase the risk of digoxin toxicity. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Monitor serum digoxin levels and observe the patient for toxicity. The dosage of digoxin may need to be decreased by 30-50% or the frequency of administration may be reduced.(3) DISCUSSION: Approximately 10% of the patients receiving digoxin metabolize 30% or more of an ingested dose of digoxin to inactive DRPs. Concurrent current administration of tetracycline may alter the GI flora, decreasing the conversion of digoxin to DRPs. In these patients this could produce an increase in plasma digoxin concentration. The effect of tetracycline on the metabolism of digoxin to DRPs may persist for several months after the antibiotic is discontinued. Concomitant administration of tetracycline and digoxin increased the digoxin serum concentration 100%. (3)	DIGITEK, DIGOXIN, DIGOXIN MICRONIZED, LANOXIN
Coumarin Anticoagulants/Tetracyclines SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: The exact mechanism is unknown. Tetracyclines may interfere with vitamin-K producing gut flora. CLINICAL EFFECTS: The addition of a tetracycline to a patient maintained on a coumarin anticoagulant may result in increased anticoagulant effects, including bleeding. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: he risk for bleeding episodes may be greater in patients with disease-associated factors (e.g. thrombocytopenia). Drug associated risk factors include concurrent use of multiple drugs which inhibit anticoagulant/antiplatelet metabolism and/or have an inherent risk for bleeding (e.g. NSAIDs). PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Patients maintained on coumarin anticoagulants should be closely monitored when tetracyclines are initiated and discontinued. The dosage of the anticoagulant may need to be adjusted. When applicable, perform agent-specific laboratory test (e.g. INR, aPTT) to monitor efficacy and safety of anticoagulation. Discontinue anticoagulation in patients with active pathologic bleeding. Instruct patients to report any signs and symptoms of bleeding, such as unusual bleeding from the gums or nose; unusual bruising; red or black, tarry stools; red, pink or dark brown urine; acute abdominal or joint pain and/or swelling. The time of highest risk for a coumarin-type drug interaction is when the precipitant drug is initiated or discontinued. Contact the prescriber before initiating, altering the dose or discontinuing either drug. DISCUSSION: In a retrospective review of patients receiving either acenocoumarol or phenprocoumon, use of doxycycline and tetracycline was associated with relative risk of major bleeding of 3 and 9, respectively.(1) There are several case reports of bleeding following the addition of doxycycline(2-4) and tetracycline(5,6) to warfarin therapy.	DICUMAROL, JANTOVEN, WARFARIN SODIUM

Severe List
Clostridioides difficile infection
Esophageal dysmotility
Intracranial hypertension
Myasthenia gravis
Pregnancy

The following adverse reaction information is available for DOXYCYCLINE IR-DR (doxycycline monohydrate):

Overview
Severe
Less Severe

Adverse reaction overview.

Adverse effects reported in 2% or more of patients receiving doxycycline include nasopharyngitis, sinusitis, upper respiratory tract infection, headache, diarrhea, hypertension, and increased AST. Abdominal pain and other GI symptoms also reported.

There are 33 severe adverse reactions.

More Frequent	Less Frequent
Dental discoloration	Hypertension Serum sickness Skin photosensitivity

Rare/Very Rare
Acute eruptions of skin Acute lupus erythematosus Anaphylaxis Angioedema Clostridioides difficile infection Depression DRESS syndrome Erythema multiforme Esophageal ulcer Exfoliative dermatitis Fungal infection Hallucinations Hemolytic anemia Hepatitis Hypersensitivity drug reaction Idiopathic intracranial hypertension Insomnia Intracranial hypertension Maculopapular rash Neutropenic disorder Pancreatitis Pericarditis Purpura Stevens-johnson syndrome Suicidal ideation Symptoms of anxiety Thrombocytopenic disorder Toxic epidermal necrolysis Urticaria

Rare/Very Rare

Acute eruptions of skin
Acute lupus erythematosus
Anaphylaxis
Angioedema
Clostridioides difficile infection
Depression
DRESS syndrome
Erythema multiforme
Esophageal ulcer
Exfoliative dermatitis
Fungal infection
Hallucinations
Hemolytic anemia
Hepatitis
Hypersensitivity drug reaction
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
Insomnia
Intracranial hypertension
Maculopapular rash
Neutropenic disorder
Pancreatitis
Pericarditis
Purpura
Stevens-johnson syndrome
Suicidal ideation
Symptoms of anxiety
Thrombocytopenic disorder
Toxic epidermal necrolysis
Urticaria

There are 20 less severe adverse reactions.

More Frequent	Less Frequent
Nausea Vomiting	Anorexia Diarrhea Headache disorder Pharyngitis Upper abdominal pain Vaginitis Vulvovaginal candidiasis

Rare/Very Rare
Anogenital candidiasis Dream disorder Dysphagia Enterocolitis Eosinophilia Erythema Esophagitis Glossitis Jarisch-herxheimer reaction Skin pigmentation enhancement Skin rash

The following precautions are available for DOXYCYCLINE IR-DR (doxycycline monohydrate):

Pediatric
Pregnant
Lactation
Geriatric

Doxycycline should not be used in children younger than 8 years of age. Safety and efficacy of the 40-mg capsules of doxycycline have not been evaluated in children of any age and the manufacturer states that use in children is not recommended. Possible permanent tooth discoloration. (See Dental and Bone Effects under Warning/Precautions: Warnings, in Cautions.)

Contraindicated

None

Severe Precaution

None

Management or Monitoring Precaution

None

Category D. (See Users Guide) Pregnancy should be avoided during therapy. (See Drug Interactions: Hormonal Contraceptives.) The manufacturer states that doxycycline 40-mg capsules should not be used by individuals of either gender who are attempting to conceive a child.

Tetracyclines are distributed into milk. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants, doxycycline should not be used in nursing women.

No enhanced Geriatric Use information available for this drug.

Severe recalcitrant nodular rosacea
L71.1	Rhinophyma
L71.8	Other rosacea