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Drug overview for FOCALIN (dexmethylphenidate hcl):
Generic name: dexmethylphenidate HCl (dex-METH-il-FEN-i-date)
Drug class: Amphetamines/Anorexiants/Stimulants
Therapeutic class: Central Nervous System Agents
Dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride, the d-threo enantiomer of racemic methylphenidate hydrochloride, is a CNS stimulant that has pharmacologic actions that are qualitatively similar to those of amphetamines. Serdexmethylphenidate chloride is a prodrug and lacks pharmacologic activity until converted to dexmethylphenidate in the GI tract.
Dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride or the fixed combination of serdexmethylphenidate chloride and dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Generic name: dexmethylphenidate HCl (dex-METH-il-FEN-i-date)
Drug class: Amphetamines/Anorexiants/Stimulants
Therapeutic class: Central Nervous System Agents
Dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride, the d-threo enantiomer of racemic methylphenidate hydrochloride, is a CNS stimulant that has pharmacologic actions that are qualitatively similar to those of amphetamines. Serdexmethylphenidate chloride is a prodrug and lacks pharmacologic activity until converted to dexmethylphenidate in the GI tract.
Dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride or the fixed combination of serdexmethylphenidate chloride and dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
DRUG IMAGES
FOCALIN 5 MG TABLET
FOCALIN 2.5 MG TABLET
The following indications for FOCALIN (dexmethylphenidate hcl) have been approved by the FDA:
Indications:
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Professional Synonyms:
ADD with hyperactivity
Indications:
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Professional Synonyms:
ADD with hyperactivity
The following dosing information is available for FOCALIN (dexmethylphenidate hcl):
Dosage of dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride generally is expressed in terms of the salt; however, dosage of the fixed combination containing serdexmethylphenidate chloride and dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride is expressed in terms of serdexmethylphenidate and dexmethylphenidate. Each 26.1, 39.2,
or 52.3 mg of serdexmethylphenidate is equivalent to 28, 42, or 56 mg, respectively, of serdexmethylphenidate chloride, and each 5.2, 7.8,
or 10.4 mg of dexmethylphenidate is equivalent to 6, 9, or 12 mg, respectively, of dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride. The combined molar dose of serdexmethylphenidate and dexmethylphenidate in each dosage strength of the fixed combination (i.e., 26.1 mg/5.2 mg, 39.2 mg/7.8 mg, or 52.3 mg/10.4 mg of serdexmethylphenidate/dexmethylphenidate, respectively) is equivalent to 20, 30, or 40 mg, respectively, of dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride.
The recommended initial dosage of dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride as conventional tablets in pediatric patients 6 years of age and older who currently are not receiving racemic methylphenidate or are receiving stimulants other than methylphenidate is 2.5 mg twice daily. In pediatric patients 6 years of age and older who are being transferred from racemic methylphenidate to dexmethylphenidate therapy, the initial dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride dosage is one-half the current methylphenidate hydrochloride dosage.
Dosage of dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride may be increased by 2.5-5 mg daily at weekly intervals, up to a maximum dosage of 20 mg daily.
The recommended initial dosage of dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride as extended-release capsules in patients who currently are not receiving dexmethylphenidate or racemic methylphenidate or who are receiving stimulants other than methylphenidate is 5 mg once daily for pediatric patients 6 years of age and older or 10 mg once daily for adults. Patients currently receiving dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride conventional tablets may be switched to the extended-release capsules at the same total daily dosage. In patients being transferred from racemic methylphenidate to dexmethylphenidate therapy, the initial dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride dosage is one-half the current methylphenidate hydrochloride dosage.
Dosage of dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride may be increased at weekly intervals in increments of 5 mg daily in pediatric patients or 10 mg daily in adults, up to a maximum dosage of 30 mg daily in pediatric patients or 40 mg daily in adults. In dose-response studies evaluating fixed dosages of 10-30 mg daily in pediatric patients or 20-40 mg daily in adults, all of the dosages within these ranges were more effective than placebo, but there was no clear evidence that the higher dosages within these ranges provided greater average benefits; however, adverse effects and drug discontinuance were dose related.
The recommended initial dosage of serdexmethylphenidate chloride in fixed combination with dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride in adults and pediatric patients 6 years of age or older is 39.2 mg of serdexmethylphenidate and 7.8 mg dexmethylphenidate once daily.
Dosage in adults and adolescents 13-17 years of age should be increased after one week to 52.3 mg of serdexmethylphenidate and 10.4 mg of dexmethylphenidate once daily.
In children 6-12 years of age, dosage may be increased after one week to 52.3 mg of serdexmethylphenidate and 10.4 mg of dexmethylphenidate once daily or decreased after one week to 26.1
mg of serdexmethylphenidate and 5.2 mg of dexmethylphenidate once daily based on response and tolerability. The maximum recommended dosage in adults and pediatric patients is 52.3
mg of serdexmethylphenidate and 10.4 mg of dexmethylphenidate once daily. This dosage titration schedule also should be followed for patients being transferred from other methylphenidate-containing preparations to the serdexmethylphenidate chloride and dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride fixed combination.
The fixed combination should not be substituted for other methylphenidate-containing preparations on a milligram-per-milligram basis because of differences in pharmacokinetic profiles and methylphenidate base composition.
Dosage of dexmethylphenidate must be carefully adjusted according to individual requirements and response. If a beneficial effect is not attained after appropriate dosage adjustment over a 1-month period, therapy with the drug should be discontinued. If paradoxical aggravation of symptoms or other adverse effects occur during therapy, dosage should be reduced or the drug discontinued if necessary.
The long-term efficacy of dexmethylphenidate preparations has not been evaluated systematically in controlled studies; therefore, the long-term usefulness of the drug should be reevaluated periodically in patients receiving the drug for extended periods, and dosage should be adjusted as needed. For children or adolescents whose symptoms are not severe outside the school setting, planned breaks in drug treatment (i.e., drug holidays) may be attempted to assess continuing efficacy and need for such therapy as well as to minimize adverse effects.
or 52.3 mg of serdexmethylphenidate is equivalent to 28, 42, or 56 mg, respectively, of serdexmethylphenidate chloride, and each 5.2, 7.8,
or 10.4 mg of dexmethylphenidate is equivalent to 6, 9, or 12 mg, respectively, of dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride. The combined molar dose of serdexmethylphenidate and dexmethylphenidate in each dosage strength of the fixed combination (i.e., 26.1 mg/5.2 mg, 39.2 mg/7.8 mg, or 52.3 mg/10.4 mg of serdexmethylphenidate/dexmethylphenidate, respectively) is equivalent to 20, 30, or 40 mg, respectively, of dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride.
The recommended initial dosage of dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride as conventional tablets in pediatric patients 6 years of age and older who currently are not receiving racemic methylphenidate or are receiving stimulants other than methylphenidate is 2.5 mg twice daily. In pediatric patients 6 years of age and older who are being transferred from racemic methylphenidate to dexmethylphenidate therapy, the initial dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride dosage is one-half the current methylphenidate hydrochloride dosage.
Dosage of dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride may be increased by 2.5-5 mg daily at weekly intervals, up to a maximum dosage of 20 mg daily.
The recommended initial dosage of dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride as extended-release capsules in patients who currently are not receiving dexmethylphenidate or racemic methylphenidate or who are receiving stimulants other than methylphenidate is 5 mg once daily for pediatric patients 6 years of age and older or 10 mg once daily for adults. Patients currently receiving dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride conventional tablets may be switched to the extended-release capsules at the same total daily dosage. In patients being transferred from racemic methylphenidate to dexmethylphenidate therapy, the initial dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride dosage is one-half the current methylphenidate hydrochloride dosage.
Dosage of dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride may be increased at weekly intervals in increments of 5 mg daily in pediatric patients or 10 mg daily in adults, up to a maximum dosage of 30 mg daily in pediatric patients or 40 mg daily in adults. In dose-response studies evaluating fixed dosages of 10-30 mg daily in pediatric patients or 20-40 mg daily in adults, all of the dosages within these ranges were more effective than placebo, but there was no clear evidence that the higher dosages within these ranges provided greater average benefits; however, adverse effects and drug discontinuance were dose related.
The recommended initial dosage of serdexmethylphenidate chloride in fixed combination with dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride in adults and pediatric patients 6 years of age or older is 39.2 mg of serdexmethylphenidate and 7.8 mg dexmethylphenidate once daily.
Dosage in adults and adolescents 13-17 years of age should be increased after one week to 52.3 mg of serdexmethylphenidate and 10.4 mg of dexmethylphenidate once daily.
In children 6-12 years of age, dosage may be increased after one week to 52.3 mg of serdexmethylphenidate and 10.4 mg of dexmethylphenidate once daily or decreased after one week to 26.1
mg of serdexmethylphenidate and 5.2 mg of dexmethylphenidate once daily based on response and tolerability. The maximum recommended dosage in adults and pediatric patients is 52.3
mg of serdexmethylphenidate and 10.4 mg of dexmethylphenidate once daily. This dosage titration schedule also should be followed for patients being transferred from other methylphenidate-containing preparations to the serdexmethylphenidate chloride and dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride fixed combination.
The fixed combination should not be substituted for other methylphenidate-containing preparations on a milligram-per-milligram basis because of differences in pharmacokinetic profiles and methylphenidate base composition.
Dosage of dexmethylphenidate must be carefully adjusted according to individual requirements and response. If a beneficial effect is not attained after appropriate dosage adjustment over a 1-month period, therapy with the drug should be discontinued. If paradoxical aggravation of symptoms or other adverse effects occur during therapy, dosage should be reduced or the drug discontinued if necessary.
The long-term efficacy of dexmethylphenidate preparations has not been evaluated systematically in controlled studies; therefore, the long-term usefulness of the drug should be reevaluated periodically in patients receiving the drug for extended periods, and dosage should be adjusted as needed. For children or adolescents whose symptoms are not severe outside the school setting, planned breaks in drug treatment (i.e., drug holidays) may be attempted to assess continuing efficacy and need for such therapy as well as to minimize adverse effects.
Dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride conventional tablets are administered orally twice daily without regard to meals; the manufacturer recommends that doses be administered at least 4 hours apart. Administration with a high-fat meal delays the peak concentration (from 1.5 hours in the fasted state to 2.9 hours in the fed state) but does not affect the extent of absorption. Dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride extended-release capsules are administered orally once daily in the morning, with or without food.
The capsules should be swallowed intact and should not be crushed, chewed, or divided. Alternatively, the entire contents of the extended-release capsule(s) may be sprinkled onto a small amount (e.g., a spoonful) of applesauce immediately prior to administration. The entire sprinkle/applesauce mixture should be taken immediately without chewing and should not be stored for use at a later time.
Administration with food may delay the onset of action. Capsules containing serdexmethylphenidate chloride in fixed combination with dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride are administered orally once daily in the morning, with or without food. The capsules should be swallowed intact.
Alternatively, the entire contents of a capsule may be sprinkled into 50 mL of water or over 2 tablespoons of applesauce immediately or within 10 minutes prior to administration; the mixture should not be stored for use at a later time. Administration of the capsules with food delays the peak concentration (from a median of 2 hours in the fasted state to 4-4.5 hours in the fed state) but does not affect the extent of absorption.
The capsules should be swallowed intact and should not be crushed, chewed, or divided. Alternatively, the entire contents of the extended-release capsule(s) may be sprinkled onto a small amount (e.g., a spoonful) of applesauce immediately prior to administration. The entire sprinkle/applesauce mixture should be taken immediately without chewing and should not be stored for use at a later time.
Administration with food may delay the onset of action. Capsules containing serdexmethylphenidate chloride in fixed combination with dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride are administered orally once daily in the morning, with or without food. The capsules should be swallowed intact.
Alternatively, the entire contents of a capsule may be sprinkled into 50 mL of water or over 2 tablespoons of applesauce immediately or within 10 minutes prior to administration; the mixture should not be stored for use at a later time. Administration of the capsules with food delays the peak concentration (from a median of 2 hours in the fasted state to 4-4.5 hours in the fed state) but does not affect the extent of absorption.
| DRUG LABEL | DOSING TYPE | DOSING INSTRUCTIONS |
|---|---|---|
| FOCALIN 5 MG TABLET | Maintenance | Adults take 1 tablet (5 mg) by oral route 2 times per day at least 4 hours apart |
| DRUG LABEL | DOSING TYPE | DOSING INSTRUCTIONS |
|---|---|---|
| DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE 2.5 MG TAB | Maintenance | Adults take 1 tablet (2.5 mg) by oral route 2 times per day at least 4 hoursapart |
| DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE 5 MG TAB | Maintenance | Adults take 1 tablet (5 mg) by oral route 2 times per day at least 4 hours apart |
The following drug interaction information is available for FOCALIN (dexmethylphenidate hcl):
There are 1 contraindications.
These drug combinations generally should not be dispensed or administered to the same patient. A manufacturer label warning that indicates the contraindication warrants inclusion of a drug combination in this category, regardless of clinical evidence or lack of clinical evidence to support the contraindication.
| Drug Interaction | Drug Names |
|---|---|
| Sympathomimetics (Indirect & Mixed Acting)/MAOIs SEVERITY LEVEL: 1-Contraindicated Drug Combination: This drug combination is contraindicated and generally should not be dispensed or administered to the same patient. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Catecholamine stores increased by MAOIs can be released by indirect acting sympathomimetics such as ephedrine and amphetamine. MAO inhibitors also interfere with gut and liver metabolism of direct acting sympathomimetics (e.g oral phenylephrine). CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of MAOIs may result in potentiation of sympathomimetic effects, which may result in headaches, hypertensive crisis, toxic neurological effects, and malignant hyperpyrexia. Fatalities have occurred. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Concurrent use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors and sympathomimetics is contraindicated. The manufacturers of sympathomimetic agents recommend waiting 14 days after discontinuation of MAO inhibitors before initiating the sympathomimetic. DISCUSSION: Indirect acting sympathomimetic amines may cause abrupt elevation of blood pressure when administered to patients taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors, resulting in a potentially fatal hypertensive crisis. Mixed (direct and indirect) acting sympathomimetics have also been shown to interact with monoamine oxidase inhibitors depending on their degree of indirect action. The direct-acting sympathomimetics have not been reported to interact. Dopamine is metabolized by monoamine oxidase, and its pressor effect is enhanced by monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Since procarbazine, an antineoplastic agent, is a weak monoamine oxidase inhibitor, hypertensive reactions may result from its concurrent use with indirect and mixed acting sympathomimetics. Furazolidone, an antibacterial with monoamine oxidase inhibitor action, has also been shown to interact with indirect acting sympathomimetics. Linezolid is another antibacterial with monoamine oxidase inhibitor properties. Metaxalone is a weak inhibitor of MAO. Foods containing large amounts of tyramine have also been implicated in this interaction. Methylene blue, when administered intravenously, has been shown to reach sufficient concentrations to be a potent inhibitor of MAO-A. At recommended dosages, rasagiline, oral selegiline, and transdermal selegiline up to 6mg/day are selective for MAO-B; however, at higher dosages they have been shown to lose their selectivity. One or more of the drug pairs linked to this monograph have been included in a list of interactions that should be considered "high-priority" for inclusion and should not be inactivated in EHR systems. This DDI subset was vetted by an expert panel commissioned by the U.S. Office of the National Coordinator (ONC) for Health Information Technology. |
EMSAM, FURAZOLIDONE, MARPLAN, MATULANE, METAXALONE, METHYLENE BLUE, NARDIL, PARNATE, PHENELZINE SULFATE, PROCARBAZINE HCL, PROVAYBLUE, SELEGILINE HCL, TRANYLCYPROMINE SULFATE |
There are 9 severe interactions.
These drug interactions can produce serious consequences in most patients. Actions required for severe interactions include, but are not limited to, discontinuing one or both agents, adjusting dosage, altering administration scheduling, and providing additional patient monitoring. Review the full interaction monograph for more information.
| Drug Interaction | Drug Names |
|---|---|
| Select Indirect-Acting Sympathomimetics/Tricyclic Compounds SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Unknown. However, it is speculated that indirect-acting sympathomimetics would have decreased activity due to tricyclic blockage of their uptake into the adrenergic neuron. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Decreased effect of indirect acting sympathomimetics. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Use of tricyclic compounds and indirect-acting sympathomimetics should be approached with caution. Montior patients receiving concurrent therapy for decreased sympathomimetic efficacy. DISCUSSION: The pressor effects of the indirect-acting sympathomimetic amines (e.g., amphetamines, ephedrine, and methylphenidate) are antagonized by tricyclic antidepressants. |
AMITRIPTYLINE HCL, AMOXAPINE, ANAFRANIL, CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE-AMITRIPTYLINE, CLOMIPRAMINE HCL, DESIPRAMINE HCL, DOXEPIN HCL, IMIPRAMINE HCL, IMIPRAMINE PAMOATE, NORPRAMIN, NORTRIPTYLINE HCL, PAMELOR, PERPHENAZINE-AMITRIPTYLINE, PROTRIPTYLINE HCL, SILENOR, TRIMIPRAMINE MALEATE |
| Ergot Alkaloids/Sympathomimetics SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Concurrent use of ergot alkaloids and sympathomimetics may result in additive or synergistic effect on peripheral blood vessels. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of ergot alkaloids and sympathomimetics may result in increased blood pressure due to peripheral vasoconstriction. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: When possible, avoid the concurrent use of ergot alkaloids and sympathomimetics. If concurrent use is warranted, monitor blood pressure and for signs of vasoconstriction. Decreasing the dose of one or both drugs may be necessary. DISCUSSION: There have been reports of severe vasoconstriction resulting in gangrene in patients receiving intravenous ergonovine with dopamine or norepinephrine. |
DIHYDROERGOTAMINE MESYLATE, ERGOLOID MESYLATES, ERGOMAR, ERGOTAMINE TARTRATE, ERGOTAMINE-CAFFEINE, METHYLERGONOVINE MALEATE, METHYSERGIDE MALEATE, MIGERGOT, MIGRANAL, TRUDHESA |
| Guanethidine/Sympathomimetics (Indirect Acting) SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Indirect-acting sympathomimetics may displace guanethidine from adrenergic neurons, thereby antagonizing the clinical effect. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Blood pressure may be increased. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: When possible, use an alternative antihypertensive agent or sympathomimetic. DISCUSSION: This interaction has been demonstrated with concomitant administration of anorexiant-type indirect-acting sympathomimetics and guanethidine. Increased blood pressure has been reported. |
GUANETHIDINE HEMISULFATE |
| Selected Inhalation Anesthetic Agents/Sympathomimetics SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: The exact mechanism is unknown. The anesthetics produce conduction changes that increase impulse re-entry into the myocardial tissue.(1) The anesthetics' ability to precipitate arrhythmias is enhanced by elevated arterial blood pressure, tachycardia, hypercapnia, and/or hypoxia, events that stimulate the release of endogenous catecholamines.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of inhalation anesthetic agents and sympathomimetics may result in ventricular arrhythmias or sudden blood pressure and heart rate increase during surgery.(2) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Monitor blood pressure and avoid use of sympathomimetics in patients being treated with anesthetics on the day of surgery.(2) Intravenous use of epinephrine during surgery with halothane and related halogenated general anesthetics should be strongly discouraged. When intravenous epinephrine is necessary, nitrous oxide anesthesia supplemented with ether, muscle relaxants, or opioids should be used instead of halothane.(3,4) Epinephrine may safely be used subcutaneously with the following precautions: the patient is adequately ventilated to prevent hypoxia or respiratory acidosis; the total dose of epinephrine is limited to 100 mcg/10 minute period or 300 mcg/hour in adults, 3.5 mcg/Kg in infants, 2.5 mcg/Kg in children up to two years of age, and 1.45 mcg/Kg in children over two years of age; a minimum effective concentration of anesthetic is maintained; the drugs are not co-administered in patients with hypertension or other cardiovascular disorders; and the cardiac rhythm is continuously monitored during and after injection.(3-10) If arrhythmias occur after the administration of the epinephrine, the drugs of choice are lidocaine or propranolol, depending on the type of arrhythmia.(1) DISCUSSION: Administration of epinephrine during halothane anesthesia may may lead to serious ventricular arrhythmias.(3-6,11-18) This has occurred when epinephrine was administered intravenously,(6) when it was administered with lidocaine as a dental block,(11,14) or when it was administered supraperiosteally.(5) Norepinephrine has been shown to interact with halothane in a manner similar to epinephrine.(1) In two case reports, patients were given terbutaline (0.25 to 0.35 mg) for wheezing following induction of anesthesia with halothane. One patient's heart rate increased from 68 to 100 beats/minute, and the ECG showed premature ventricular contractions and bigeminy, while the other patient developed multiple unifocal premature ventricular contractions and bigeminy. The arrhythmias resolved in both patients following lidocaine administration.(19) Although not documented, isoproterenol causes effects on the heart similar to terbutaline(20) and would probably interact with halothane in a similar manner. Other inhalation anesthetics that increase the incidence of arrhythmias with epinephrine include chloroform,(20) methoxyflurane,(20) and enflurane.(12) A similar interaction may be expected between the other inhalation anesthetics and sympathomimetics. |
DESFLURANE, FORANE, ISOFLURANE, SEVOFLURANE, SUPRANE, TERRELL, ULTANE |
| Mixed;Indirect Sympathomimetics/Selected MAOIs SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Catecholamine stores increased by MAOIs can be released by indirect acting sympathomimetics such as ephedrine and amphetamine. MAO inhibitors also interfere with gut and liver metabolism of direct acting sympathomimetics (e.g oral phenylephrine). CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of MAOIs may result in potentiation of sympathomimetic effects, which may result in headaches, hypertensive crisis, toxic neurological effects, and malignant hyperpyrexia. Fatalities have occurred with combinations of sympathomimetics and MAO-A inhibitors. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Concurrent use of MAO-A inhibitors and sympathomimetics is contraindicated. The manufacturers of sympathomimetic agents recommend waiting 14 days after discontinuation of MAO inhibitors before initiating the sympathomimetic. Patients receiving direct or indirect acting sympathomimetics should not receive linezolid unless they are monitored for potential increases in blood pressure. Initial dosages of dopamine and epinephrine should be reduced. At recommended dosages, oral selegiline and transdermal selegiline up to 6mg/day are selective for MAO-B; however, at higher dosages they have been shown to lose their selectivity. Patients receiving higher dosages of selegiline should be considered susceptive to this interaction. DISCUSSION: Indirect acting sympathomimetic amines may cause abrupt elevation of blood pressure when administered to patients taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors, resulting in a potentially fatal hypertensive crisis. Mixed (direct and indirect) acting sympathomimetics have also been shown to interact with monoamine oxidase inhibitors depending on their degree of indirect action. The direct-acting sympathomimetics have not been reported to interact. Dopamine is metabolized by monoamine oxidase, and its pressor effect is enhanced by monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Furazolidone, an antibacterial with monoamine oxidase inhibitor action, has also been shown to interact with indirect acting sympathomimetics. Foods containing large amounts of tyramine have also been implicated in this interaction. A significant pressor response was observed in normal subjects receiving linezolid and tyramine doses of more than 100 mg. Administration of linezolid (600 mg BID for 3 days) with pseudoephedrine (60 mg q 4 hours for 2 doses) increased blood pressure by 32 mmHg. Administration of linezolid (600 mg BID for 3 days) with phenylpropanolamine (25 mg q 4 hours for 2 doses) increased blood pressure by 38 mmHg. One or more of the drug pairs linked to this monograph have been included in a list of interactions that should be considered "high-priority" for inclusion and should not be inactivated in EHR systems. This DDI subset was vetted by an expert panel commissioned by the U.S. Office of the National Coordinator (ONC) for Health Information Technology. |
EMSAM, LINEZOLID, LINEZOLID-0.9% NACL, LINEZOLID-D5W, SELEGILINE HCL, XADAGO, ZELAPAR, ZYVOX |
| Ioflupane I 123/Dopamine Transporter Binders SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Ioflupane binds to the dopamine transporter. Agents that also bind to this transporter may affect the results of single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) brain imaging using ioflupane.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: SPECT imaging using ioflupane may not be accurate in patients taking other drugs that bind to the dopamine transporter binders.(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: It is unknown if discontinuing other agents that bind to the dopamine transporter prior to a scan with ioflupane will decrease interference with the scan.(1) Make sure the radiologist interpreting the scan knows the patient is taking another agent that binds to the dopamine transporter. Alternative diagnostic tools may need to be considered. DISCUSSION: Ioflupane binds to the dopamine transporter. Agents that also bind to this transporter may affect the results of the scan. These agents include amoxapine, amphetamine, armodafinil, benztropine, bupropion, buspirone, citalopram, cocaine, dexmethylphenidate, escitalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, mazindol, methamphetamine, methylphenidate, modafinil, norephedrine, paroxetine, phentermine, phenylpropanolamine, selegiline, and sertraline.(1) |
DATSCAN, IOFLUPANE I-123 |
| Iobenguane I 123/Agents that Affect Catecholamines SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Many compounds that reduce catecholamine uptake or that deplete catecholamine stores may interfere with iobenguane uptake into cells.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Compounds that reduce catecholamine uptake or that deplete catecholamine stores may interfere with imaging completed with iobenguane.(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Discuss the use of agents that affect catecholamines. Discontinue drugs that reduce catecholamine uptake or deplete catecholamine stores prior to imaging with iobenguane. Before imaging with iobenguane, discontinue agents that affect catecholamines for at least 5 biological half-lives, as clinically tolerated.(1) DISCUSSION: Many agents may reduce catecholamine uptake or deplete catecholamine stores.(1) Examples include: - CNS stimulants or amphetamines (e.g. cocaine, methylphenidate, dextroamphetamine) - norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors (e.g. phentermine) - norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake inhibitors (e.g. tramadol) - monoamine oxidase inhibitors (e.g. phenelzine, linezolid) - central monoamine depleting drugs (e.g. reserpine) - non-select beta adrenergic blocking drugs (e.g. labetalol) - alpha agonists or alpha/beta agonists (e.g. pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine, ephedrine, phenylpropanolamine, naphazoline) - tricyclic antidepressants or norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (e.g. amitriptyline, bupropion, duloxetine, mirtazapine, venlafaxine) - botanicals that may inhibit reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin or dopamine (e.g. ephedra, ma huang, St. John's Wort, yohimbine) |
ADREVIEW |
| Sodium Iodide I 131/Myelosuppressives; Immunomodulators SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Sodium iodide I 131 can cause depression of the hematopoetic system. Myelosuppressives and immunomodulators also suppress the immune system.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of sodium iodide I 131 with agents that cause bone marrow depression, including myelosuppressives or immunomodulators, may result in an enhanced risk of hematologic disorders, including anemia, blood dyscrasias, bone marrow depression, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. Bone marrow depression may increase the risk of serious infections and bleeding.(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The US manufacturer of sodium iodide I 131 states that concurrent use with bone marrow depressants may enhance the depression of the hematopoetic system caused by large doses of sodium iodide I 131.(1) Sodium iodide I 131 causes a dose-dependent bone marrow suppression, including neutropenia or thrombocytopenia, in the 3 to 5 weeks following administration. Patients may be at increased risk of infections or bleeding during this time. Monitor complete blood counts within one month of therapy. If results indicate leukopenia or thrombocytopenia, dosimetry should be used to determine a safe sodium iodide I 131 activity.(1) DISCUSSION: Hematologic disorders including death have been reported with sodium iodide I 131. The most common hematologic disorders reported include anemia, blood dyscrasias, bone marrow depression, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia.(1) |
HICON, SODIUM IODIDE I-131 |
| Mixed;Indirect Sympathomimetics/Rasagiline SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Catecholamine stores increased by MAOIs can be released by indirect acting sympathomimetics such as ephedrine and amphetamine. MAO inhibitors also interfere with gut and liver metabolism of direct acting sympathomimetics (e.g oral phenylephrine). CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of MAOIs may result in potentiation of sympathomimetic effects, which may result in headaches, hypertensive crisis, toxic neurological effects, and malignant hyperpyrexia. Hypertensive crisis has been reported in patients taking recommended doses of rasagiline with sympathomimetic agents. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: At recommended dosages, rasagiline is selective for MAO-B; however, at higher dosages it has been shown to lose its selectivity. Patients receiving higher dosages of rasagiline should be considered susceptive to this interaction. Concurrent use should be approached with caution. DISCUSSION: Indirect acting sympathomimetic amines may cause abrupt elevation of blood pressure when administered to patients taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors, resulting in a potentially fatal hypertensive crisis. Mixed (direct and indirect) acting sympathomimetics have also been shown to interact with monoamine oxidase inhibitors depending on their degree of indirect action. The direct-acting sympathomimetics have not been reported to interact. Dopamine is metabolized by monoamine oxidase, and its pressor effect is enhanced by monoamine oxidase inhibitors. |
AZILECT, RASAGILINE MESYLATE |
There are 6 moderate interactions.
The clinician should assess the patient’s characteristics and take action as needed. Actions required for moderate interactions include, but are not limited to, discontinuing one or both agents, adjusting dosage, altering administration.
| Drug Interaction | Drug Names |
|---|---|
| Opioids (Immediate Release)/Selected Stimulants SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Opioids and stimulants exhibit opposing effects on the CNS. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of opioids and stimulants may have unpredictable effects and may mask overdose symptoms of the opioid, such as drowsiness and inability to focus. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Concurrent use of alcohol or other CNS depressants may increase the risk of adverse effects. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Limit prescribing opioid analgesics with CNS stimulants such as amphetamines to patients for whom alternatives are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, limit the dosages and duration of each drug to the minimum possible while achieving the desired clinical effect. Respiratory depression can occur at any time during opioid therapy, especially during therapy initiation and following dosage increases. Consider this risk when using concurrently with stimulants.(1) Monitor patients receiving concurrent therapy for signs of substance abuse. DISCUSSION: A total of 70,237 persons died from drug overdoses in the United States in 2017; approximately two thirds of these deaths involved an opioid.(2). The CDC analyzed 2016-2017 changes in age-adjusted death rates involving cocaine and psychostimulants by demographic characteristics, urbanization levels, U.S. Census region, 34 states, and the District of Columbia (DC). The CDC also examined trends in age-adjusted cocaine-involved and psychostimulant-involved death rates from 2003 to 2017 overall, as well as with and without co-involvement of opioids. Among all 2017 drug overdose deaths, 13,942 (19.8%) involved cocaine, and 10,333 (14.7%) involved psychostimulants. Death rates increased from 2016 to 2017 for both drug categories across demographic characteristics, urbanization levels, Census regions, and states. In 2017, opioids were involved in 72.7% and 50.4% of cocaine-involved and psychostimulant-involved overdoses, respectively, and the data suggest that increases in cocaine-involved overdose deaths from 2012 to 2017 were driven primarily by synthetic opioids.(3) There was opioid co-involvement in 72.7 percent of cocaine and 50.4 percent of stimulant-involved overdose deaths. This was largely driven by synthetic opioids such as fentanyl. However, stimulant-involved overdose without opioid co-involvement is also increasing.(2) |
ACETAMIN-CAFF-DIHYDROCODEINE, ACETAMINOPHEN-CODEINE, APADAZ, ASA-BUTALB-CAFFEINE-CODEINE, ASCOMP WITH CODEINE, BELBUCA, BELLADONNA-OPIUM, BENZHYDROCODONE-ACETAMINOPHEN, BUPRENORPHINE HCL, BUPRENORPHINE-NALOXONE, BUTALB-ACETAMINOPH-CAFF-CODEIN, BUTORPHANOL TARTRATE, CARISOPRODOL-ASPIRIN-CODEINE, CODEINE PHOSPHATE, CODEINE SULFATE, DIHYDROCODEINE BITARTRATE, DILAUDID, DISKETS, DSUVIA, DURAMORPH, ENDOCET, FENTANYL CITRATE, FENTANYL CITRATE-0.9% NACL, FENTANYL CITRATE-D5W, FENTANYL CITRATE-STERILE WATER, FENTANYL CITRATE-WATER, FENTANYL-BUPIVACAINE-0.9% NACL, FENTANYL-BUPIVACAINE-NACL, FENTANYL-ROPIVACAINE-0.9% NACL, FENTANYL-ROPIVACAINE-NACL, FIORICET WITH CODEINE, HYDROCODONE BITARTRATE, HYDROCODONE-ACETAMINOPHEN, HYDROCODONE-IBUPROFEN, HYDROMORPHONE HCL, HYDROMORPHONE HCL-0.9% NACL, HYDROMORPHONE HCL-D5W, HYDROMORPHONE HCL-NACL, HYDROMORPHONE HCL-WATER, INFUMORPH, LEVORPHANOL TARTRATE, METHADONE HCL, METHADONE HCL-0.9% NACL, METHADONE HCL-NACL, METHADONE INTENSOL, METHADOSE, MITIGO, MORPHINE SULFATE, MORPHINE SULFATE-0.9% NACL, MORPHINE SULFATE-NACL, NALBUPHINE HCL, NALOCET, NUCYNTA, OLINVYK, OPIUM TINCTURE, OXYCODONE HCL, OXYCODONE HYDROCHLORIDE, OXYCODONE-ACETAMINOPHEN, OXYMORPHONE HCL, PENTAZOCINE-NALOXONE HCL, PERCOCET, PRIMLEV, PROLATE, REMIFENTANIL HCL, ROXICODONE, ROXYBOND, SUBOXONE, SUFENTANIL CITRATE, TREZIX, ULTIVA, ZUBSOLV |
| Opioids (Extended Release)/Selected Stimulants SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Opioids and stimulants exhibit opposing effects on the CNS. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of opioids and stimulants may have unpredictable effects and may mask overdose symptoms of the opioid, such as drowsiness and inability to focus. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Concurrent use of alcohol or other CNS depressants may increase the risk of adverse effects. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Limit prescribing opioid analgesics with CNS stimulants such as amphetamines to patients for whom alternatives are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, limit the dosages and duration of each drug to the minimum possible while achieving the desired clinical effect. Respiratory depression can occur at any time during opioid therapy, especially during therapy initiation and following dosage increases. Consider this risk when using concurrently with stimulants.(1) Monitor patients receiving concurrent therapy for signs of substance abuse. DISCUSSION: A total of 70,237 persons died from drug overdoses in the United States in 2017; approximately two thirds of these deaths involved an opioid.(2). The CDC analyzed 2016-2017 changes in age-adjusted death rates involving cocaine and psychostimulants by demographic characteristics, urbanization levels, U.S. Census region, 34 states, and the District of Columbia (DC). The CDC also examined trends in age-adjusted cocaine-involved and psychostimulant-involved death rates from 2003 to 2017 overall, as well as with and without co-involvement of opioids. Among all 2017 drug overdose deaths, 13,942 (19.8%) involved cocaine, and 10,333 (14.7%) involved psychostimulants. Death rates increased from 2016 to 2017 for both drug categories across demographic characteristics, urbanization levels, Census regions, and states. In 2017, opioids were involved in 72.7% and 50.4% of cocaine-involved and psychostimulant-involved overdoses, respectively, and the data suggest that increases in cocaine-involved overdose deaths from 2012 to 2017 were driven primarily by synthetic opioids.(3) There was opioid co-involvement in 72.7 percent of cocaine and 50.4 percent of stimulant-involved overdose deaths. This was largely driven by synthetic opioids such as fentanyl. However, stimulant-involved overdose without opioid co-involvement is also increasing.(2) |
BRIXADI, BUPRENORPHINE, BUTRANS, FENTANYL, HYDROCODONE BITARTRATE ER, HYDROMORPHONE ER, HYSINGLA ER, MORPHINE SULFATE ER, MS CONTIN, NUCYNTA ER, OXYCODONE HCL ER, OXYCONTIN, OXYMORPHONE HCL ER, SUBLOCADE, XTAMPZA ER |
| Benzodiazepines/Selected Stimulants SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Benzodiazepines and stimulants exhibit opposing effects on the CNS. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of benzodiazepine and stimulants may have unpredictable effects and may mask overdose symptoms of the benzodiazepine, such as drowsiness and inability to focus. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Concurrent use of alcohol or other CNS depressants may increase the risk of adverse effects. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Limit prescribing benzodiazepines with CNS stimulants such as amphetamines to patients for whom alternatives are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, limit the dosages and duration of each drug to the minimum possible while achieving the desired clinical effect. Monitor patients receiving concurrent therapy for signs of substance abuse. DISCUSSION: Analysis of the 2015 and 2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health found that misuse of benzodiazepines was strongly associated with misuse of or dependences on stimulants.(1) Benzodiazepines are used to reduce the adverse effects of stimulant use, such as insomnia.(2) Patients abusing benzodiazepines in combination with other drugs tend to consume higher dosages of benzodiazepines than patients abusing only benzodiazepines.(3) |
ALPRAZOLAM, ALPRAZOLAM ER, ALPRAZOLAM INTENSOL, ALPRAZOLAM ODT, ALPRAZOLAM XR, ATIVAN, BYFAVO, CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE HCL, CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE-AMITRIPTYLINE, CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE-CLIDINIUM, CLOBAZAM, CLONAZEPAM, CLORAZEPATE DIPOTASSIUM, DIAZEPAM, DORAL, ESTAZOLAM, FLURAZEPAM HCL, HALCION, KLONOPIN, LIBRAX, LORAZEPAM, LORAZEPAM INTENSOL, LOREEV XR, MIDAZOLAM, MIDAZOLAM HCL, MIDAZOLAM HCL-0.8% NACL, MIDAZOLAM HCL-0.9% NACL, MIDAZOLAM HCL-D5W, MIDAZOLAM HCL-NACL, MIDAZOLAM-0.9% NACL, MIDAZOLAM-NACL, MKO (MIDAZOLAM-KETAMINE-ONDAN), NAYZILAM, ONFI, OXAZEPAM, QUAZEPAM, RESTORIL, SYMPAZAN, TEMAZEPAM, TRIAZOLAM, VALIUM, VALTOCO, XANAX, XANAX XR |
| Opioids (Cough & Cold)/Selected Stimulants SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Opioids and stimulants exhibit opposing effects on the CNS. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of opioids and stimulants may have unpredictable effects and may mask overdose symptoms of the opioid, such as drowsiness and inability to focus. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Concurrent use of alcohol or other CNS depressants may increase the risk of adverse effects. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Limit prescribing opioid analgesics with CNS stimulants such as amphetamines to patients for whom alternatives are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, limit the dosages and duration of each drug to the minimum possible while achieving the desired clinical effect. Respiratory depression can occur at any time during opioid therapy, especially during therapy initiation and following dosage increases. Consider this risk when using concurrently with stimulants.(1) Monitor patients receiving concurrent therapy for signs of substance abuse. DISCUSSION: A total of 70,237 persons died from drug overdoses in the United States in 2017; approximately two thirds of these deaths involved an opioid.(2). The CDC analyzed 2016-2017 changes in age-adjusted death rates involving cocaine and psychostimulants by demographic characteristics, urbanization levels, U.S. Census region, 34 states, and the District of Columbia (DC). The CDC also examined trends in age-adjusted cocaine-involved and psychostimulant-involved death rates from 2003 to 2017 overall, as well as with and without co-involvement of opioids. Among all 2017 drug overdose deaths, 13,942 (19.8%) involved cocaine, and 10,333 (14.7%) involved psychostimulants. Death rates increased from 2016 to 2017 for both drug categories across demographic characteristics, urbanization levels, Census regions, and states. In 2017, opioids were involved in 72.7% and 50.4% of cocaine-involved and psychostimulant-involved overdoses, respectively, and the data suggest that increases in cocaine-involved overdose deaths from 2012 to 2017 were driven primarily by synthetic opioids.(3) There was opioid co-involvement in 72.7 percent of cocaine and 50.4 percent of stimulant-involved overdose deaths. This was largely driven by synthetic opioids such as fentanyl. However, stimulant-involved overdose without opioid co-involvement is also increasing.(2) |
HYCODAN, HYDROCODONE-CHLORPHENIRAMNE ER, HYDROCODONE-HOMATROPINE MBR, HYDROMET, PROMETHAZINE-CODEINE, TUXARIN ER |
| Tramadol/Methylphenidate SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Opioids and methylphenidate exhibit opposing effects on the CNS.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of opioids and methylphenidate may have unpredictable effects and may mask overdose symptoms of the opioid, such as drowsiness and inability to focus. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Concurrent use of alcohol or other CNS depressants may increase the risk of adverse effects. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Limit prescribing tramadol with CNS stimulants such as methylphenidate to patients for whom alternatives are inadequate. Concurrent use of methylphenidate with tramadol should be approached with appropriate monitoring. If concurrent use is necessary, limit the dosages and duration of each drug to the minimum possible while achieving the desired clinical effect. Respiratory depression can occur at any time during opioid therapy, especially during therapy initiation and following dosage increases. Consider this risk when using concurrently with stimulants.(1) Monitor patients receiving concurrent therapy for signs of substance abuse. DISCUSSION: A total of 70,237 persons died from drug overdoses in the United States in 2017; approximately two thirds of these deaths involved an opioid.(2). The CDC analyzed 2016-2017 changes in age-adjusted death rates involving cocaine and psychostimulants by demographic characteristics, urbanization levels, U.S. Census region, 34 states, and the District of Columbia (DC). The CDC also examined trends in age-adjusted cocaine-involved and psychostimulant-involved death rates from 2003 to 2017 overall, as well as with and without co-involvement of opioids. Among all 2017 drug overdose deaths, 13,942 (19.8%) involved cocaine, and 10,333 (14.7%) involved psychostimulants. Death rates increased from 2016 to 2017 for both drug categories across demographic characteristics, urbanization levels, Census regions, and states. In 2017, opioids were involved in 72.7% and 50.4% of cocaine-involved and psychostimulant-involved overdoses, respectively, and the data suggest that increases in cocaine-involved overdose deaths from 2012 to 2017 were driven primarily by synthetic opioids.(3) There was opioid co-involvement in 72.7 percent of cocaine and 50.4 percent of stimulant-involved overdose deaths. This was largely driven by synthetic opioids such as fentanyl. However, stimulant-involved overdose without opioid co-involvement is also increasing.(2) |
CONZIP, QDOLO, TRAMADOL HCL, TRAMADOL HCL ER, TRAMADOL HCL-ACETAMINOPHEN |
| Meperidine/Methylphenidate SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Opioids and methylphenidate exhibit opposing effects on the CNS.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of opioids and methylphenidate may have unpredictable effects and may mask overdose symptoms of the opioid, such as drowsiness and inability to focus. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Concurrent use of alcohol or other CNS depressants may increase the risk of adverse effects. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Limit prescribing meperidine with CNS stimulants such as methylphenidate to patients for whom alternatives are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, limit the dosages and duration of each drug to the minimum possible while achieving the desired clinical effect. Respiratory depression can occur at any time during opioid therapy, especially during therapy initiation and following dosage increases. Consider this risk when using concurrently with stimulants.(1) Monitor patients receiving concurrent therapy for signs of substance abuse. DISCUSSION: A total of 70,237 persons died from drug overdoses in the United States in 2017; approximately two thirds of these deaths involved an opioid.(2). The CDC analyzed 2016-2017 changes in age-adjusted death rates involving cocaine and psychostimulants by demographic characteristics, urbanization levels, U.S. Census region, 34 states, and the District of Columbia (DC). The CDC also examined trends in age-adjusted cocaine-involved and psychostimulant-involved death rates from 2003 to 2017 overall, as well as with and without co-involvement of opioids. Among all 2017 drug overdose deaths, 13,942 (19.8%) involved cocaine, and 10,333 (14.7%) involved psychostimulants. Death rates increased from 2016 to 2017 for both drug categories across demographic characteristics, urbanization levels, Census regions, and states. In 2017, opioids were involved in 72.7% and 50.4% of cocaine-involved and psychostimulant-involved overdoses, respectively, and the data suggest that increases in cocaine-involved overdose deaths from 2012 to 2017 were driven primarily by synthetic opioids.(3) There was opioid co-involvement in 72.7 percent of cocaine and 50.4 percent of stimulant-involved overdose deaths. This was largely driven by synthetic opioids such as fentanyl. However, stimulant-involved overdose without opioid co-involvement is also increasing.(2) |
DEMEROL, MEPERIDINE HCL, MEPERIDINE HCL-0.9% NACL |
The following contraindication information is available for FOCALIN (dexmethylphenidate hcl):
Drug contraindication overview.
*Concomitant or recent (within 14 days) administration of monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, since hypertensive crisis could result. *Known hypersensitivity to dexmethylphenidate, methylphenidate, serdexmethylphenidate, or any ingredient in the formulation.
*Concomitant or recent (within 14 days) administration of monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, since hypertensive crisis could result. *Known hypersensitivity to dexmethylphenidate, methylphenidate, serdexmethylphenidate, or any ingredient in the formulation.
There are 2 contraindications.
Absolute contraindication.
| Contraindication List |
|---|
| 30 day risk period post-myocardial infarction |
| Coronary artery disease |
There are 19 severe contraindications.
Adequate patient monitoring is recommended for safer drug use.
| Severe List |
|---|
| Aggressive behavior |
| Alcohol use disorder |
| Angina |
| Bipolar disorder |
| Cardiac arrhythmia |
| Cardiomyopathy |
| Cerebrovascular accident |
| Chronic heart failure |
| Congenital long QT syndrome |
| Drug abuse |
| Drug dependence |
| History of drug abuse |
| Hypertension |
| Manic disorder |
| Priapism |
| Psychotic disorder |
| Seizure disorder |
| Structural disorder of heart |
| Suicidal ideation |
There are 4 moderate contraindications.
Clinically significant contraindication, where the condition can be managed or treated before the drug may be given safely.
| Moderate List |
|---|
| Anemia |
| Leukopenia |
| Raynaud's phenomenon |
| Thrombocytopenic disorder |
The following adverse reaction information is available for FOCALIN (dexmethylphenidate hcl):
Adverse reaction overview.
Abdominal pain, fever, anorexia, and nausea each occurred in 5% or more of patients receiving dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride conventional tablets in clinical trials and were at least twice as frequent in patients receiving the drug as in those receiving placebo. Twitching (motor or vocal tics), anorexia, insomnia, and tachycardia each resulted in discontinuance of dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride conventional tablets in approximately 1% of patients. Decreased appetite/anorexia, headache, dyspepsia, dry mouth, anxiety, insomnia, vomiting, and pharyngolaryngeal pain each occurred in 5% or more of patients receiving dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride extended-release capsules in clinical trials.
Twitching (motor or vocal tics), anorexia, insomnia, and tachycardia each resulted in discontinuance of dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride extended-release capsules in approximately 1% of pediatric patients. In adults, insomnia, jittery feeling, anorexia, and anxiety each resulted in discontinuance of therapy in about 1-2% of patients.
Abdominal pain, fever, anorexia, and nausea each occurred in 5% or more of patients receiving dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride conventional tablets in clinical trials and were at least twice as frequent in patients receiving the drug as in those receiving placebo. Twitching (motor or vocal tics), anorexia, insomnia, and tachycardia each resulted in discontinuance of dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride conventional tablets in approximately 1% of patients. Decreased appetite/anorexia, headache, dyspepsia, dry mouth, anxiety, insomnia, vomiting, and pharyngolaryngeal pain each occurred in 5% or more of patients receiving dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride extended-release capsules in clinical trials.
Twitching (motor or vocal tics), anorexia, insomnia, and tachycardia each resulted in discontinuance of dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride extended-release capsules in approximately 1% of pediatric patients. In adults, insomnia, jittery feeling, anorexia, and anxiety each resulted in discontinuance of therapy in about 1-2% of patients.
There are 21 severe adverse reactions.
| More Frequent | Less Frequent |
|---|---|
| None. |
Tachycardia |
| Rare/Very Rare |
|---|
|
Abnormal hepatic function tests Acute myocardial infarction Agitation Anaphylaxis Anemia Angioedema Cerebrovascular accident Drug-induced psychosis Exfoliative dermatitis Growth failure Hallucinations Hypersensitivity drug reaction Leukopenia Manic disorder Priapism Rhabdomyolysis Seizure disorder Suicidal ideation Thrombocytopenic disorder Visual changes |
There are 29 less severe adverse reactions.
| More Frequent | Less Frequent |
|---|---|
|
Anorexia Dyspepsia Headache disorder Sore throat Symptoms of anxiety Vomiting Xerostomia |
Dizziness Insomnia |
| Rare/Very Rare |
|---|
|
Accommodation disorder Acute abdominal pain Aggressive behavior Arthralgia Blurred vision Cramps Depression Dyskinesia Fatigue Gynecomastia Hematuria Hypertension Libido changes Myalgia Nasal congestion Nervousness Palpitations Peripheral vasoconstriction Raynaud's phenomenon Urticaria |
The following precautions are available for FOCALIN (dexmethylphenidate hcl):
Safety and efficacy of dexmethylphenidate have not been established in children younger than 6 years of age. Long-term efficacy of dexmethylphenidate in pediatric patients has not been established. Therapy with stimulants may be associated with at least a temporary suppression of growth in children.
(See Growth Suppression under Cautions.) Sudden death has been reported in children and adolescents with structural cardiac abnormalities or other serious cardiac conditions receiving usual dosages of CNS stimulants. Results of one retrospective, case-control epidemiologic study suggested a possible association between use of stimulant medications and sudden unexplained death in healthy children and adolescents. (See Sudden Death and Serious Cardiovascular Events under Cautions.) In juvenile animal toxicity studies, rats receiving racemic methylphenidate beginning early in the postnatal period and continuing through sexual maturation at a dosage of 4 or more times the maximum recommended pediatric dosage of 60 mg daily exhibited decreased spontaneous locomotor activity in adulthood; in addition, female rats exhibited a deficit in acquisition of a specific learning task at a dosage of 8 times the maximum recommended pediatric dosage.
The no-effect level for juvenile neurobehavioral development in rats was approximately 0.5 times the maximum recommended pediatric dosage. The clinical relevance of these long-term behavioral effects observed in rats is unknown.
Pharmacokinetics of dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride administered as conventional or extended-release preparations have not been established in pediatric patients younger than 6 or 18 years of age, respectively. Following single-dose oral administration of conventional dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride in children 6-12 years of age, peak plasma concentrations were similar to those achieved in adults, although total systemic exposure (area under the concentration-time curve (AUC)) was somewhat less in children; pharmacokinetics of the drug were similar in boys and girls (mean age of 10 years). Following oral administration of equivalent doses of the fixed combination of serdexmethylphenidate chloride and dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride in adults and pediatric patients, dexmethylphenidate exposure in children 6-12 years of age was approximately twice that in adults and adolescents 13-17 years of age.
Contraindicated
Severe Precaution
Management or Monitoring Precaution
(See Growth Suppression under Cautions.) Sudden death has been reported in children and adolescents with structural cardiac abnormalities or other serious cardiac conditions receiving usual dosages of CNS stimulants. Results of one retrospective, case-control epidemiologic study suggested a possible association between use of stimulant medications and sudden unexplained death in healthy children and adolescents. (See Sudden Death and Serious Cardiovascular Events under Cautions.) In juvenile animal toxicity studies, rats receiving racemic methylphenidate beginning early in the postnatal period and continuing through sexual maturation at a dosage of 4 or more times the maximum recommended pediatric dosage of 60 mg daily exhibited decreased spontaneous locomotor activity in adulthood; in addition, female rats exhibited a deficit in acquisition of a specific learning task at a dosage of 8 times the maximum recommended pediatric dosage.
The no-effect level for juvenile neurobehavioral development in rats was approximately 0.5 times the maximum recommended pediatric dosage. The clinical relevance of these long-term behavioral effects observed in rats is unknown.
Pharmacokinetics of dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride administered as conventional or extended-release preparations have not been established in pediatric patients younger than 6 or 18 years of age, respectively. Following single-dose oral administration of conventional dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride in children 6-12 years of age, peak plasma concentrations were similar to those achieved in adults, although total systemic exposure (area under the concentration-time curve (AUC)) was somewhat less in children; pharmacokinetics of the drug were similar in boys and girls (mean age of 10 years). Following oral administration of equivalent doses of the fixed combination of serdexmethylphenidate chloride and dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride in adults and pediatric patients, dexmethylphenidate exposure in children 6-12 years of age was approximately twice that in adults and adolescents 13-17 years of age.
Contraindicated
| None |
Severe Precaution
| None |
Management or Monitoring Precaution
| None |
The National Pregnancy Registry for ADHD Medications monitors pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to ADHD medications during pregnancy. Clinicians are encouraged to register women who become pregnant while receiving dexmethylphenidate by calling 866-961-2388 or visiting https://womensmentalhealth.org/adhdmedications/.
Available data on methylphenidate use during pregnancy have not identified a drug-associated risk of major birth defects, spontaneous abortion, or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes; however, there may be fetal risks associated with use of CNS stimulants during pregnancy. CNS stimulants can cause vasoconstriction and thereby decrease placental perfusion. While no fetal or neonatal adverse reactions have been reported with use of therapeutic dosages of methylphenidate during pregnancy, premature delivery and low birthweight have been reported in women dependent on amphetamines.
In animal embryofetal development studies, delayed fetal skeletal ossification was observed in rats at dexmethylphenidate dosages equivalent to up to 5 times an adult dosage of 20 mg daily. In a pre- and post-natal development study, decreased pup weight was observed in male rats at a dexmethylphenidate dosage equivalent to 5 times a human dosage of 20 mg daily.
Available data on methylphenidate use during pregnancy have not identified a drug-associated risk of major birth defects, spontaneous abortion, or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes; however, there may be fetal risks associated with use of CNS stimulants during pregnancy. CNS stimulants can cause vasoconstriction and thereby decrease placental perfusion. While no fetal or neonatal adverse reactions have been reported with use of therapeutic dosages of methylphenidate during pregnancy, premature delivery and low birthweight have been reported in women dependent on amphetamines.
In animal embryofetal development studies, delayed fetal skeletal ossification was observed in rats at dexmethylphenidate dosages equivalent to up to 5 times an adult dosage of 20 mg daily. In a pre- and post-natal development study, decreased pup weight was observed in male rats at a dexmethylphenidate dosage equivalent to 5 times a human dosage of 20 mg daily.
Limited data indicate that methylphenidate is distributed into milk, resulting in infant doses of 0.16-0.7% of the maternal weight-adjusted dosage and a milk-to-plasma ratio of 1.1-2.7.
There are no reports of adverse effects of methylphenidate on breast-fed infants and no reported effects on milk production. Long-term neurodevelopmental effects resulting from infant exposure to CNS stimulants are unknown. The developmental and health benefits of breast-feeding should be considered along with the mother's clinical need for dexmethylphenidate and any potential adverse effects on the breast-fed infant from the drug or from the underlying maternal condition. Infants exposed to dexmethylphenidate through breast milk should be monitored for adverse effects such as agitation, insomnia, anorexia, and reduced weight gain.
There are no reports of adverse effects of methylphenidate on breast-fed infants and no reported effects on milk production. Long-term neurodevelopmental effects resulting from infant exposure to CNS stimulants are unknown. The developmental and health benefits of breast-feeding should be considered along with the mother's clinical need for dexmethylphenidate and any potential adverse effects on the breast-fed infant from the drug or from the underlying maternal condition. Infants exposed to dexmethylphenidate through breast milk should be monitored for adverse effects such as agitation, insomnia, anorexia, and reduced weight gain.
Safety and efficacy of dexmethylphenidate have not been established in geriatric patients.
The following prioritized warning is available for FOCALIN (dexmethylphenidate hcl):
WARNING: Misuse or abuse of dexmethylphenidate may result in serious (possibly fatal) heart and blood pressure problems. This medication can be habit-forming and should be used cautiously by people who have mental/mood disorders or a substance use disorder (such as overuse of or addiction to drugs/alcohol). Before using this medication, tell your doctor if you have a personal or family history of a substance use disorder.
Do not increase your dose, use it more often, or use it for a longer time or in a different way than prescribed. Doing so may result in a decrease in the effect of this drug, drug dependence, or abnormal thoughts/behavior. Your doctor may monitor you for a while after the medication is stopped, especially if you have taken this drug for a long time or in high doses. (See also How to Use section.)
WARNING: Misuse or abuse of dexmethylphenidate may result in serious (possibly fatal) heart and blood pressure problems. This medication can be habit-forming and should be used cautiously by people who have mental/mood disorders or a substance use disorder (such as overuse of or addiction to drugs/alcohol). Before using this medication, tell your doctor if you have a personal or family history of a substance use disorder.
Do not increase your dose, use it more often, or use it for a longer time or in a different way than prescribed. Doing so may result in a decrease in the effect of this drug, drug dependence, or abnormal thoughts/behavior. Your doctor may monitor you for a while after the medication is stopped, especially if you have taken this drug for a long time or in high doses. (See also How to Use section.)
The following icd codes are available for FOCALIN (dexmethylphenidate hcl)'s list of indications:
| Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder | |
| F90 | Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders |
| F90.0 | Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, predominantly inattentive type |
| F90.1 | Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, predominantly hyperactive type |
| F90.2 | Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, combined type |
| F90.8 | Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, other type |
| F90.9 | Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, unspecified type |
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