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Drug overview for CHLORTHALIDONE (chlorthalidone):
Generic name: CHLORTHALIDONE (klor-THAL-i-done)
Drug class: Diuretics
Therapeutic class: Cardiovascular Therapy Agents
Chlorthalidone, which is structurally and pharmacologically similar to the thiazides, is a diuretic and antihypertensive agent.
No enhanced Uses information available for this drug.
Generic name: CHLORTHALIDONE (klor-THAL-i-done)
Drug class: Diuretics
Therapeutic class: Cardiovascular Therapy Agents
Chlorthalidone, which is structurally and pharmacologically similar to the thiazides, is a diuretic and antihypertensive agent.
No enhanced Uses information available for this drug.
DRUG IMAGES
CHLORTHALIDONE 50 MG TABLET
CHLORTHALIDONE 25 MG TABLET
The following indications for CHLORTHALIDONE (chlorthalidone) have been approved by the FDA:
Indications:
Edema
Hypertension
Peripheral edema due to chronic heart failure
Pulmonary edema due to chronic heart failure
Professional Synonyms:
Edematous sodium retaining conditions
Elevated blood pressure
Essential hypertension
Hyperpiesia
Hyperpiesis
Hypertensive disorder
Peripheral edema due to CHF
Peripheral edema due to congestive heart failure
Pulmonary edema due to congestive heart failure
Systemic arterial hypertension
Indications:
Edema
Hypertension
Peripheral edema due to chronic heart failure
Pulmonary edema due to chronic heart failure
Professional Synonyms:
Edematous sodium retaining conditions
Elevated blood pressure
Essential hypertension
Hyperpiesia
Hyperpiesis
Hypertensive disorder
Peripheral edema due to CHF
Peripheral edema due to congestive heart failure
Pulmonary edema due to congestive heart failure
Systemic arterial hypertension
The following dosing information is available for CHLORTHALIDONE (chlorthalidone):
Dosage of chlorthalidone should be individualized according to the patient's requirements and response. If chlorthalidone is added to the regimen of a patient stabilized on a potent hypotensive agent, the dosage of the hypotensive agent should initially be reduced to avoid the possibility of severe hypotension.
For the management of hypertension in children+, some experts recommend an initial dosage of 0.3 mg/kg once daily. Experts state that the dosage should be increased every 2-4 weeks until blood pressure is controlled, the maximum dosage is reached (2 mg/kg (up to 50 mg) daily), or adverse effects occur.
For information on overall principles and expert recommendations for treatment of hypertension in pediatric patients, see Uses: Hypertension in Pediatric Patients, in the Thiazides General Statement 40:28.20.
For the management of hypertension in children+, some experts recommend an initial dosage of 0.3 mg/kg once daily. Experts state that the dosage should be increased every 2-4 weeks until blood pressure is controlled, the maximum dosage is reached (2 mg/kg (up to 50 mg) daily), or adverse effects occur.
For information on overall principles and expert recommendations for treatment of hypertension in pediatric patients, see Uses: Hypertension in Pediatric Patients, in the Thiazides General Statement 40:28.20.
Chlorthalidone is administered orally.
| DRUG LABEL | DOSING TYPE | DOSING INSTRUCTIONS |
|---|---|---|
| CHLORTHALIDONE 50 MG TABLET | Maintenance | Adults take 1 tablet (50 mg) by oral route once daily |
| CHLORTHALIDONE 25 MG TABLET | Maintenance | Adults take 1 tablet (25 mg) by oral route once daily |
| DRUG LABEL | DOSING TYPE | DOSING INSTRUCTIONS |
|---|---|---|
| CHLORTHALIDONE 50 MG TABLET | Maintenance | Adults take 1 tablet (50 mg) by oral route once daily |
| CHLORTHALIDONE 25 MG TABLET | Maintenance | Adults take 1 tablet (25 mg) by oral route once daily |
The following drug interaction information is available for CHLORTHALIDONE (chlorthalidone):
There are 1 contraindications.
These drug combinations generally should not be dispensed or administered to the same patient. A manufacturer label warning that indicates the contraindication warrants inclusion of a drug combination in this category, regardless of clinical evidence or lack of clinical evidence to support the contraindication.
| Drug Interaction | Drug Names |
|---|---|
| Dofetilide/Thiazide Diuretics SEVERITY LEVEL: 1-Contraindicated Drug Combination: This drug combination is contraindicated and generally should not be dispensed or administered to the same patient. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Thiazide diuretics may decrease the excretion of dofetilide and may decrease potassium levels.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of dofetilide with a thiazide diuretic may result in elevated levels and clinical effects of dofetilide, as well as prolongation of the QT interval.(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Renal impairment may increase risk for excessive QTc prolongation as dofetilide is primarily renally eliminated. To prevent increased serum levels and risk for ventricular arrhythmias, dofetilide must be dose adjusted for creatinine clearance < or = to 60 mL/min.(1) The risk of QT prolongation or torsades de pointes may be increased in patients with cardiovascular disease (e.g. heart failure, myocardial infarction, history of torsades de pointes, congenital long QT syndrome), hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia, bradycardia, female gender, and advanced age.(2) Concurrent use of more than one drug known to cause QT prolongation or higher systemic concentrations of either QT prolonging drug are additional risk factors for torsades de pointes. Factors which may increase systemic drug concentrations include rapid infusion of an intravenous dose or impaired metabolism or elimination of the drug (e.g. coadministration with an agent which inhibits its metabolism or elimination, genetic impairment in drug metabolism or elimination, and/or renal/hepatic dysfunction).(2) PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The manufacturer of dofetilide states that the concurrent use of dofetilide with hydrochlorothiazide, alone or in combination with triamterene, is contraindicated.(1) Other thiazides should also be considered contraindicated as well. If concurrent therapy is deemed medically necessary, consider obtaining serum calcium, magnesium, and potassium levels and monitoring ECG at baseline and at regular intervals. Correct any electrolyte abnormalities. Instruct patients to report any irregular heartbeat, dizziness, or fainting. DISCUSSION: In a study, hydrochlorothiazide (50 mg daily) alone or hydrochlorothiazide/triamterene (50 mg/100 mg daily) was administered with dofetilide (500 mcg twice daily) for 5 days following 2 days of diuretic use at half-dose. In patients receiving hydrochlorothiazide alone, the area-under-curve (AUC) and maximum concentration (Cmax) of dofetilide increased by 27% and by 21%, respectively. The pharmacodynamic effects of dofetilide increased by 197% (QTc increase over time) and by 95% (maximum QTc increase). In patients on combination hydrochlorothiazide/triamterene, dofetilide AUC and Cmax increased by 30% and by 16%, respectively. The pharmacodynamic effects of dofetilide increased by 190% (QTc increase over time) and by 84% (maximum QTc increase).(1) Dofetilide clearance was 16% lower in patients receiving thiazide diuretics.(1) |
DOFETILIDE, TIKOSYN |
There are 5 severe interactions.
These drug interactions can produce serious consequences in most patients. Actions required for severe interactions include, but are not limited to, discontinuing one or both agents, adjusting dosage, altering administration scheduling, and providing additional patient monitoring. Review the full interaction monograph for more information.
| Drug Interaction | Drug Names |
|---|---|
| Lithium/Thiazide Diuretics SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Lithium is eliminated unchanged by the kidney; thiazide induced sodium elimination may lead to decreased renal clearance of lithium. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Lithium has a narrow therapeutic range; even modest, unintended increases in lithium concentration may result in lithium toxicity. Early symptoms of lithium toxicity may include: lethargy, muscle weakness or stiffness, new onset or coarsening of hand tremor, vomiting, diarrhea, confusion, ataxia, blurred vision, tinnitus and nystagmus. Severe toxicity may produce multiple organ dysfunction (e.g. seizures, coma, renal failure, cardiac arrhythmias, cardiovascular collapse) and may be fatal. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Risk factors for lithium toxicity include: renal impairment or worsening of existing renal disease, dehydration, low sodium diet, and concomitant use of multiple medications which may impair renal elimination of lithium (e.g. ARBs, ACE Inhibitors, NSAIDs, diuretics). Patients who require higher therapeutic lithium levels to maintain symptom control are particularly susceptible to these factors. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: If concurrent therapy cannot be avoided, monitor closely to decrease the risk for lithium toxicity. Evaluate renal function and most recent lithium levels. If renal function is not stable, it would be prudent to withhold combination therapy until renal function is stable. If a thiazide diuretic is started, or if the dose is increased in a patient stabilized on lithium therapy, consider empirically lowering the lithium dose, and recheck lithium levels 5 to 7 days after diuretic initiation. Adjust lithium or thiazide dose as required and continue frequent (e.g. weekly) monitoring of lithium until levels have stabilized. If lithium is to be started in a patient stabilized on a thiazide diuretic, consider starting with a lower lithium dose and titrate slowly as half-life may be prolonged. Monitor lithium concentrations until stabilized on the combination. Counsel patient to assure they know signs and symptoms of lithium toxicity and understand the importance of follow-up laboratory testing. DISCUSSION: This interaction is well documented.(1-15) |
LITHIUM CARBONATE, LITHIUM CARBONATE ER, LITHIUM CITRATE, LITHIUM CITRATE TETRAHYDRATE, LITHOBID |
| Sodium Phosphate Bowel Cleanser/Diuretics SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Bowel cleansing with sodium phosphate causes dehydration, decreased intravascular volume and hyperphosphatemia, which increases phosphate levels in the renal tubules. Abnormally high levels of calcium and phosphate in the renal tubules may precipitate out, resulting in renal injury.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Use of sodium phosphate for bowel cleansing in patients maintained on diuretics may increase the risk of acute phosphate nephropathy, which is an acute kidney injury associated with deposits of calcium phosphate crystal in the renal tubules that may result in permanent renal function impairment. Acute phosphate nephropathy presents as acute kidney injury with minimal proteinuria and a bland urine sediment.(2) Use of oral sodium phosphate products at laxative doses has not been associated with acute kidney injury.(3) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Patients who may be at an increased risk of acute phosphate nephropathy include those who are over age 55; are hypovolemic or have decreased intravascular volume; have baseline kidney disease, bowel obstruction, or active colitis; and who are using medications that affect renal perfusion or function (such as diuretics, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotension receptor blockers (ARBs) and possibly nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).(2) PATIENT MANAGEMENT: If possible, use an alternative agent for bowel cleansing.(1) Use sodium phosphate products with caution in patients taking medications that affect kidney function or perfusion, such as diuretics. Obtain baseline and post-procedure labs (electrolytes, calcium, phosphate, BUN, creatinine, and [in smaller, frail individuals] glomerular filtration rate). Instruct patients to drink sufficient quantities of clear fluids before, during, and after bowel cleansing and to avoid other laxatives that contain sodium phosphate. Consider hospitalization and intravenous hydration during bowel cleansing to support frail patients who may be unable to drink an appropriate volume of fluid or who may be without assistance at home.(2) Use of an electrolyte solution for rehydration may decrease the risk of acute phosphate nephropathy.(4,5) DISCUSSION: Since May 2006, the FDA has received 20 reports of acute phosphate nephropathy associated with the use of Osmo Prep. Concomitant medications included ACE inhibitors or ARBs (11), diuretics (6), and NSAIDs (4).(2) In a retrospective review of colonoscopy patients, simultaneous use of ACE inhibitors or ARBs significantly increased the risk of acute kidney injury from oral sodium phosphate. Diuretic use was also a risk factor.(6) In a case series study of 21 cases of acute phosphate nephropathy in patients who had used oral sodium phosphate, 14 patients received an ACE inhibitor or ARB, 4 used a diuretic, and 3 used an NSAID.(7) Cases have also been reported with rectal products.(8) |
MB CAPS, SODIUM PHOSPHATE DIBASIC, URIMAR-T, URNEVA |
| Aminolevulinic Acid/Selected Photosensitizers SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Aminolevulinic acid, anthralin, coal tar and derivatives, fluoroquinolones, griseofulvin, organic staining dyes (such as methylene blue, rose bengal, or toluidine blue), phenothiazines, selected NSAIDs (such as diclofenac, ketoprofen, nabumetone, naproxen, piroxicam, and tiaprofenic acid), St. John's wort, sulfonamides, sulfonylureas, tetracyclines, and thiazides are all known photosensitizers.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of aminolevulinic acid in patients taking anthralin, coal tar and derivatives, fluoroquinolones, griseofulvin, organic staining dyes (such as methylene blue, rose bengal, or toluidine blue), phenothiazines, selected NSAIDs (such as diclofenac, ketoprofen, nabumetone, naproxen, piroxicam, and tiaprofenic acid), St. John's wort, sulfonamides, sulfonylureas, tetracyclines, and thiazides may increase the risk of phototoxicity.(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The US manufacturer states that aminolevulinic acid should be avoided in patients receiving photosensitizers including anthralin, coal tar and derivatives, fluoroquinolones, griseofulvin, organic staining dyes (such as methylene blue, rose bengal, or toluidine blue), phenothiazines, selected NSAIDs (such as diclofenac, ketoprofen, nabumetone, naproxen, piroxicam, and tiaprofenic acid), St. John's wort, sulfonamides, sulfonylureas, tetracyclines, and thiazides for 24 hours before and after administration of aminolevulinic acid.(1) DISCUSSION: Because of the risk of increased photosensitivity, the US manufacturer states that aminolevulinic acid should be avoided in patients receiving photosensitizers including anthralin, coal tar and derivatives, fluoroquinolones, griseofulvin, organic staining dyes (such as methylene blue, rose bengal, or toluidine blue), phenothiazines, selected NSAIDs (such as diclofenac, ketoprofen, nabumetone, naproxen, piroxicam, and tiaprofenic acid), St. John's wort, sulfonamides, sulfonylureas, tetracyclines, and thiazides for 24 hours before and after administration of aminolevulinic acid.(1) |
AMINOLEVULINIC ACID HCL, GLEOLAN |
| Porfimer/Selected Photosensitizers SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Porfimer causes photosensitivity due to residual drug which is present in all parts of the skin. Anthralin, coal tar and derivatives, fluoroquinolones, griseofulvin, organic staining dyes (such as methylene blue, rose bengal, or toluidine blue), phenothiazines, selected NSAIDs (such as diclofenac, ketoprofen, nabumetone, naproxen, piroxicam, and tiaprofenic acid), St. John's wort, sulfonamides, sulfonylureas, tetracyclines, and thiazides are other known photosensitizers.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of porfimer in patients taking anthralin, coal tar and derivatives, fluoroquinolones, griseofulvin, organic staining dyes (such as methylene blue, rose bengal, or toluidine blue), phenothiazines, selected NSAIDs (such as diclofenac, ketoprofen, nabumetone, naproxen, piroxicam, and tiaprofenic acid), St. John's wort, sulfonamides, sulfonylureas, tetracyclines, and thiazides may increase the risk of phototoxicity.(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Patients with any hepatic impairment and patients with severe renal impairment have reduced drug elimination and may remain photosensitive for 90 days or longer.(1) PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The US manufacturer of porfimer states that concurrent use of porfimer with photosensitizers including anthralin, coal tar and derivatives, fluoroquinolones, griseofulvin, organic staining dyes (such as methylene blue, rose bengal, or toluidine blue), phenothiazines, selected NSAIDs (such as diclofenac, ketoprofen, nabumetone, naproxen, piroxicam, and tiaprofenic acid), St. John's wort, sulfonamides, sulfonylureas, tetracyclines, and thiazides should be avoided.(1) Since the photosensitive effect of porfimer may persist for at least 30 days (and for 90 days in some patients), it would be prudent to avoid other photosensitizing agents for at least 30 days after administration of porfimer. DISCUSSION: All patients who have received porfimer become photosensitive. It is unknown what the risk of photosensitivity reactions is when porfimer is used concurrently with other photosensitizing agents. When porfimer was used in clinical trials, photosensitivity reactions occurred in about 20% of cancer patients and in 69% of high-grade dysplasia in Barretts esophagus patients. Most of the reactions were mild to moderate erythema, but they also included swelling, pruritus, burning sensation, feeling hot, or blisters. The majority of reactions occurred within 90 days of porfimer administration.(1) |
PHOTOFRIN |
| Methoxsalen/Selected Photosensitizers SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Methoxsalen causes photosensitivity due to residual drug which is present in all parts of the skin from photopheresis. Anthralin, coal tar and derivatives, fluoroquinolones, griseofulvin, organic staining dyes (such as methylene blue, rose bengal, or toluidine blue), phenothiazines, selected NSAIDs (such as diclofenac, ketoprofen, nabumetone, naproxen, piroxicam, and tiaprofenic acid), St. John's wort, sulfonamides, sulfonylureas, tetracyclines, and thiazides are other known photosensitizers.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of methoxsalen in patients taking anthralin, coal tar and derivatives, fluoroquinolones, griseofulvin, organic staining dyes (such as methylene blue, rose bengal, or toluidine blue), phenothiazines, selected NSAIDs (such as diclofenac, ketoprofen, nabumetone, naproxen, piroxicam, and tiaprofenic acid), St. John's wort, sulfonamides, sulfonylureas, tetracyclines, and thiazides may increase the risk of phototoxicity.(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The US manufacturer of methoxsalen states that concurrent use of methoxsalen with anthralin, coal tar and derivatives, fluoroquinolones, griseofulvin, organic staining dyes (such as methylene blue, rose bengal, or toluidine blue), phenothiazines, selected NSAIDs (such as diclofenac, ketoprofen, nabumetone, naproxen, piroxicam, and tiaprofenic acid), St. John's wort, sulfonamides, sulfonylureas, tetracyclines, and thiazides should be avoided.(1) DISCUSSION: All patients who have received methoxsalen become photosensitive. It is unknown what the risk of photosensitivity reactions is when methoxsalen is used concurrently with other photosensitizing agents.(1) |
METHOXSALEN, UVADEX |
There are 8 moderate interactions.
The clinician should assess the patient’s characteristics and take action as needed. Actions required for moderate interactions include, but are not limited to, discontinuing one or both agents, adjusting dosage, altering administration.
| Drug Interaction | Drug Names |
|---|---|
| Digitalis Glycosides/Kaluretics SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Potassium-losing diuretics may result in potassium depletion which can predispose patients to digitalis toxicity. CLINICAL EFFECTS: May observe increased arrhythmias, resulting from an increase in the cardiac response to digitalis. Symptoms of digoxin toxicity can include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, headache, fatigue, malaise, drowsiness, generalized muscle weakness, disorientation, hallucinations, visual disturbances, and arrhythmias. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Low body weight, advanced age, impaired renal function, hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, and/or hypomagnesemia may increase the risk of digoxin toxicity. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Monitor serum potassium status and give potassium replacements as needed. DISCUSSION: This interaction is well documented. Most patients taking diuretics do not develop significant potassium depletion if they are on low doses of diuretics and have adequate potassium intake. |
DIGITEK, DIGOXIN, DIGOXIN MICRONIZED, LANOXIN, LANOXIN PEDIATRIC |
| Thiazide & Related Diuretics/Cholestyramine; Colestipol SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Cholestyramine and colestipol, anionic exchange resins, bind thiazides and furosemide, preventing their absorption. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent administration may result in decreased absorption of the diuretic, as well as decreased clinical effects. Decreased absorption of furosemide by 80-90% has been reported. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Available data suggest that colestipol may be preferable to cholestyramine. Separating administration times lessens the the extent of this interaction but still remains significant. Separate the administration of cholestyramine and the thiazide by at least four hours and that of colestipol by at least two hours. Separate the administration of furosemide and cholestyramine or colestipol by two to three hours. DISCUSSION: Administration of cholestyramine or colestipol decreased total urinary excretion of hydrochlorothiazide by 85% and 43% respectively. These studies indicate that no dosing schedule will eliminate this interaction. Even four hours of separation reduces the absorption of hydrochlorothiazide by 35%. Similar reductions occurred to serum hydrochlorothiazide concentrations. In a study in six subjects, the concurrent administration of cholestyramine and furosemide resulted in a decrease in furosemide area-under-curve (AUC) by 90% and a decrease in furosemide's diuretic effects. Concurrent administration of furosemide and colestipol resulted in a decrease in furosemide AUC by 80% and a decrease in furosemide's diuretic effects. |
CHOLESTYRAMINE, CHOLESTYRAMINE LIGHT, CHOLESTYRAMINE RESIN, COLESTID, COLESTIPOL HCL, PREVALITE, QUESTRAN, QUESTRAN LIGHT |
| Thiazides/Antidiabetics SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Thiazides antagonize hypoglycemic effects of antidiabetics due to intrinsic hyperglycemic activity. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Impaired glucose tolerance and diminished hypoglycemic effects of antidiabetics may occur. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Caution when starting or stopping thiazides in diabetic patients. Adjust the antidiabetic dose as needed based on blood glucose levels. DISCUSSION: This interaction is likely to occur based upon well documented properties of the interacting drugs. However, there is individual variability in its occurrence. A cross-sectional study of 425 outpatients found 46 patients with 86 suspected drug interactions resulting in uncontrolled glycemia. Recorded drug interactions included hydrochlorothiazide-gliclazide (22.1%), hydrochlorothiazide-insulins (2.3%), and chlorothiazide-gliclazide (1.2%). Using the drug interaction probability scale (DIPS), these drug interactions were categorized as possible.(2) |
ACARBOSE, ADMELOG, ADMELOG SOLOSTAR, AFREZZA, APIDRA, APIDRA SOLOSTAR, BASAGLAR KWIKPEN U-100, BASAGLAR TEMPO PEN U-100, DUETACT, FIASP, FIASP FLEXTOUCH, FIASP PENFILL, FIASP PUMPCART, GLIMEPIRIDE, GLIPIZIDE, GLIPIZIDE ER, GLIPIZIDE XL, GLIPIZIDE-METFORMIN, GLUCOTROL XL, GLYBURIDE, GLYBURIDE MICRONIZED, GLYBURIDE-METFORMIN HCL, HUMALOG, HUMALOG JUNIOR KWIKPEN, HUMALOG KWIKPEN U-100, HUMALOG KWIKPEN U-200, HUMALOG MIX 50-50 KWIKPEN, HUMALOG MIX 75-25, HUMALOG MIX 75-25 KWIKPEN, HUMALOG TEMPO PEN U-100, HUMULIN R U-500, HUMULIN R U-500 KWIKPEN, INSULIN ASPART, INSULIN ASPART FLEXPEN, INSULIN ASPART PENFILL, INSULIN ASPART PROT MIX 70-30, INSULIN DEGLUDEC, INSULIN DEGLUDEC PEN (U-100), INSULIN DEGLUDEC PEN (U-200), INSULIN GLARGINE MAX SOLOSTAR, INSULIN GLARGINE SOLOSTAR, INSULIN GLARGINE-YFGN, INSULIN LISPRO, INSULIN LISPRO JUNIOR KWIKPEN, INSULIN LISPRO KWIKPEN U-100, INSULIN LISPRO PROTAMINE MIX, LANTUS, LANTUS SOLOSTAR, LYUMJEV, LYUMJEV KWIKPEN U-100, LYUMJEV KWIKPEN U-200, LYUMJEV TEMPO PEN U-100, MIGLITOL, MYXREDLIN, NATEGLINIDE, NOVOLOG, NOVOLOG FLEXPEN, NOVOLOG MIX 70-30, NOVOLOG MIX 70-30 FLEXPEN, NOVOLOG PENFILL, PIOGLITAZONE-GLIMEPIRIDE, PRECOSE, REZVOGLAR KWIKPEN, SEMGLEE (YFGN), SEMGLEE (YFGN) PEN, SOLIQUA 100-33, TOUJEO MAX SOLOSTAR, TOUJEO SOLOSTAR, TRESIBA, TRESIBA FLEXTOUCH U-100, TRESIBA FLEXTOUCH U-200, XULTOPHY 100-3.6 |
| Zoledronic Acid/Diuretics SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Concurrent use of zoledronic acid and a diuretic may have adverse effects on the renal system.(1,2) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of zoledronic acid and a diuretic may result in renal dysfunction. Deterioration in renal function, acute renal failure requiring dialysis, and death have been reported.(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: The interaction may be more likely in elderly patients, patients who are taking other drugs that impact renal function, patients with pre-existing renal compromise, and patients who are dehydrated.(1) PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Patients should be adequately hydrated with 500 ml (2 glasses of water) before and after zoledronic acid administration.(1) Creatinine clearance should be monitored before and after therapy and zoledronic acid should not be administered in patients with a creatinine clearance less than 35 ml/min.(1,3) DISCUSSION: Zoledronic acid has been associated with renal dysfunction, including deterioration in renal function, acute renal failure requiring dialysis, and death. Risk factors include advanced age, concomitant nephrotoxic agents, and dehydration.(1) The FDA has received 16 reports of fatal acute renal failure and 9 reports of renal injury requiring dialysis following the administration of Reclast (zoledronic acid).(3) |
RECLAST, ZOLEDRONIC ACID |
| Tizanidine/Selected Antihypertensives SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Tizanidine is an alpha-2 agonist. Concurrent use with antihypertensive agents may result in additive effects on blood pressure.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of antihypertensives and tizanidine may result in hypotension.(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Patients receiving concurrent therapy should be monitored for hypotension. The risk of hypotension may be decreased by careful titration of tizanidine dosages and monitoring for hypotension prior to dose advancement. Counsel patients about the risk of orthostatic hypotension.(1) DISCUSSION: Severe hypotension has been reported following the addition of tizanidine to existing lisinopril therapy.(2-4) |
TIZANIDINE HCL, ZANAFLEX |
| Desmopressin/Agents with Hyponatremia Risk SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Carbamazepine, chlorpromazine, lamotrigine, NSAIDs, opioids, SSRIs, thiazide diuretics, and/or tricyclic antidepressants increase the risk of hyponatremia.(1-3) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use may increase the risk of hyponatremia with desmopressin.(1-3) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Predisposing factors for hyponatremia include: polydipsia, renal impairment (eGFR < 50 ml/min/1.73m2), illnesses that can cause fluid/electrolyte imbalances, age >=65, medications that cause water retention and/or increase the risk of hyponatremia (glucocorticoids, loop diuretics). PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The concurrent use of agents with a risk of hyponatremia with desmopressin may increase the risk of hyponatremia. If concurrent use is deemed medically necessary, make sure serum sodium levels are normal before beginning therapy and consider using the desmopressin nasal 0.83 mcg dose. Consider measuring serum sodium levels more frequently than the recommended intervals of: within 7 days of concurrent therapy initiation, one month after concurrent therapy initiation and periodically during treatment. Counsel patients to report symptoms of hyponatremia, which may include: headache, nausea/vomiting, feeling restless, fatigue, drowsiness, dizziness, muscle cramps, changes in mental state (confusion, decreased awareness/alertness), seizures, coma, and trouble breathing. Counsel patients to limit the amount of fluids they drink in the evening and night-time and to stop taking desmopressin if they develop a stomach/intestinal virus with nausea/vomiting or any nose problems (blockage, stuffy/runny nose, drainage).(1) DISCUSSION: In clinical trials of desmopressin for the treatment of nocturia, 4 of 5 patients who developed severe hyponatremia (serum sodium <= 125 mmol/L) were taking systemic or inhaled glucocorticoids. Three of these patients were also taking NSAIDs and one was receiving a thiazide diuretic.(2) Drugs associated with hyponatremia may increase the risk, including loop diuretics, carbamazepine, chlorpromazine, glucocorticoids, lamotrigine, NSAIDs, opioids, SSRIs, thiazide diuretics, and/or tricyclic antidepressants.(1,3-4) |
DDAVP, DESMOPRESSIN ACETATE, NOCDURNA |
| Apomorphine/Selected Antihypertensives and Vasodilators SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Apomorphine causes dose-dependent decreases in blood pressure. Concurrent use with antihypertensive agents may result in additive effects on blood pressure.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of antihypertensives and apomorphine may result in orthostatic hypotension with or without dizziness, nausea, or syncope.(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: The risk of orthostatic hypotension may be increased during dose escalation of apomorphine and in patients with renal or hepatic impairment.(1) PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Patients receiving concurrent therapy should be monitored for hypotension. Counsel patients about the risk of orthostatic hypotension.(1) DISCUSSION: Healthy volunteers who took sublingual nitroglycerin (0.4 mg) concomitantly with apomorphine experienced a mean largest decrease in supine systolic blood pressure (SBP) of 9.7 mm Hg and in supine diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of 9.3 mm Hg, and a mean largest decrease in standing SBP and DBP of 14.3 mm Hg and 13.5 mm Hg, respectively. The maximum decrease in SBP and DBP was 65 mm Hg and 43 mm Hg, respectively. When apomorphine was taken alone, the mean largest decrease in supine SBP and DBP was 6.1 mm Hg and 7.3 mm Hg, respectively, and in standing SBP and DBP was 6.7 mm Hg and 8.4 mm Hg, respectively.(1) |
APOKYN, APOMORPHINE HCL, ONAPGO |
| Allopurinol/Thiazide Diuretics SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: The exact mechanism is unknown. Allopurinol has been documented to cause Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), and Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS).(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent administration of allopurinol with thiazides may result in an increased incidence of rash which may be severe. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Patients who are HLA-B*58:01 positive or have impaired renal function may be at increased risk. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The manufacturer of allopurinol recommends monitoring renal function and reducing the dose of allopurinol in patients with concomitant thiazide diuretic use and impaired renal function. Discontinue allopurinol at the first appearance of skin rash or other signs which may indicate a hypersensitivity reaction when used with thiazide diuretics. Instruct patients to seek medical attention for any peeling skin rash or blisters.(1) DISCUSSION: There are case reports of patients on concurrent thiazide diuretics and allopurinol developing SJS, TEN, or DRESS.(1,2) |
ALLOPURINOL, ALLOPURINOL SODIUM, ALOPRIM, DUZALLO, ZYLOPRIM |
The following contraindication information is available for CHLORTHALIDONE (chlorthalidone):
Drug contraindication overview.
No enhanced Contraindications information available for this drug.
No enhanced Contraindications information available for this drug.
There are 1 contraindications.
Absolute contraindication.
| Contraindication List |
|---|
| Anuria |
There are 2 severe contraindications.
Adequate patient monitoring is recommended for safer drug use.
| Severe List |
|---|
| Hypotension |
| Kidney disease with reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFr) |
There are 11 moderate contraindications.
Clinically significant contraindication, where the condition can be managed or treated before the drug may be given safely.
| Moderate List |
|---|
| Gout |
| Hypercalcemia |
| Hypercholesterolemia |
| Hyperuricemia |
| Hypochloremic alkalosis |
| Hypokalemia |
| Hypomagnesemia |
| Hyponatremia |
| Sympathectomy |
| Type 1 diabetes mellitus |
| Type 2 diabetes mellitus |
The following adverse reaction information is available for CHLORTHALIDONE (chlorthalidone):
Adverse reaction overview.
No enhanced Common Adverse Effects information available for this drug.
No enhanced Common Adverse Effects information available for this drug.
There are 37 severe adverse reactions.
| More Frequent | Less Frequent |
|---|---|
|
Hypochloremic alkalosis Hypokalemia Hyponatremia Hypotension |
Hyperglycemia Hypomagnesemia Kidney disease with reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFr) Nephrotoxicity |
| Rare/Very Rare |
|---|
|
Acute pancreatitis Acute respiratory distress syndrome Agranulocytosis Anaphylaxis Aplastic anemia Choroidal effusion Erythema multiforme Exfoliative dermatitis Gout Hemolytic anemia Hepatitis Hypercalcemia Hyperparathyroidism Hypersensitivity angiitis Hyperuricemia Interstitial nephritis Interstitial pneumonitis Jaundice Leukopenia Myopia Obstructive hyperbilirubinemia Purpura Secondary angle-closure glaucoma Squamous cell carcinoma of skin Stevens-johnson syndrome Systemic lupus erythematosus Thrombocytopenic disorder Toxic epidermal necrolysis Vasculitis |
There are 27 less severe adverse reactions.
| More Frequent | Less Frequent |
|---|---|
| None. |
Abdominal pain with cramps Abnormal sexual function Anorexia Diarrhea Dizziness Fatigue Nausea Orthostatic hypotension Vomiting |
| Rare/Very Rare |
|---|
|
Basal cell carcinoma of skin Blurred vision Constipation Erectile dysfunction Fever Gastrointestinal irritation General weakness Headache disorder Hypercholesterolemia Hypertriglyceridemia Muscle spasm Nervousness Paresthesia Sialoadenitis Skin rash Urticaria Vertigo Xanthopsia |
The following precautions are available for CHLORTHALIDONE (chlorthalidone):
No enhanced Pediatric Use information available for this drug.
Contraindicated
Severe Precaution
Management or Monitoring Precaution
Contraindicated
| None |
Severe Precaution
| None |
Management or Monitoring Precaution
| None |
No enhanced Pregnancy information available for this drug.
No enhanced Lactation information available for this drug.
No enhanced Geriatric Use information available for this drug.
The following prioritized warning is available for CHLORTHALIDONE (chlorthalidone):
No warning message for this drug.
No warning message for this drug.
The following icd codes are available for CHLORTHALIDONE (chlorthalidone)'s list of indications:
| Edema | |
| R60 | Edema, not elsewhere classified |
| R60.0 | Localized edema |
| R60.1 | Generalized edema |
| R60.9 | Edema, unspecified |
| Hypertension | |
| I10 | Essential (primary) hypertension |
| I11 | Hypertensive heart disease |
| I11.0 | Hypertensive heart disease with heart failure |
| I11.9 | Hypertensive heart disease without heart failure |
| I12 | Hypertensive chronic kidney disease |
| I12.0 | Hypertensive chronic kidney disease with stage 5 chronic kidney disease or end stage renal disease |
| I12.9 | Hypertensive chronic kidney disease with stage 1 through stage 4 chronic kidney disease, or unspecified chronic kidney disease |
| I13 | Hypertensive heart and chronic kidney disease |
| I13.0 | Hypertensive heart and chronic kidney disease with heart failure and stage 1 through stage 4 chronic kidney disease, or unspecified chronic kidney disease |
| I13.1 | Hypertensive heart and chronic kidney disease without heart failure |
| I13.10 | Hypertensive heart and chronic kidney disease without heart failure, with stage 1 through stage 4 chronic kidney disease, or unspecified chronic kidney disease |
| I13.11 | Hypertensive heart and chronic kidney disease without heart failure, with stage 5 chronic kidney disease, or end stage renal disease |
| I13.2 | Hypertensive heart and chronic kidney disease with heart failure and with stage 5 chronic kidney disease, or end stage renal disease |
| I15.1 | Hypertension secondary to other renal disorders |
| Peripheral edema due to chronic heart failure | |
| R60 | Edema, not elsewhere classified |
| R60.9 | Edema, unspecified |
| Pulmonary edema due to chronic heart failure | |
| J81.0 | Acute pulmonary edema |
Formulary Reference Tool