PANTOPRAZOLE SODIUM (pantoprazole sodium)

There are 2 contraindications. These drug combinations generally should not be dispensed or administered to the same patient. A manufacturer label warning that indicates the contraindication warrants inclusion of a drug combination in this category, regardless of clinical evidence or lack of clinical evidence to support the contraindication.

Drug Interaction	Drug Names
Atazanavir; Nelfinavir/Proton Pump Inhibitors SEVERITY LEVEL: 1-Contraindicated Drug Combination: This drug combination is contraindicated and generally should not be dispensed or administered to the same patient. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Proton pump inhibitors increase gastric pH. As gastric pH increases, the solubility of atazanavir and nelfinavir decreases.(1,2) Omeprazole has been shown to inhibit nelfinavir metabolism by CYP2C19.(3) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of atazanavir(1-2,4-8) or nelfinavir(3,8-9) and a proton pump inhibitor may result in decreased levels and effectiveness of atazanavir or nelfinavir. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The US and Australian manufacturer of atazanavir states that treatment naive patients requiring a proton pump inhibitor should receive 300 mg atazanavir with 100 mg ritonavir. The proton pump inhibitor should not exceed a dose comparable to omeprazole 20 mg daily and should be administered 12 hours before atazanavir/ritonavir.(1,2) Atazanavir should not be administered with proton pump inhibitors without concurrent ritonavir in adults or pediatric patients of at least 13 years of age and weighing at least 40 kg.(1,2) The US and Australian manufacturer of atazanavir states that proton pump inhibitors should not be administered with atazanavir in treatment experienced patients.(1,2) Data are insufficient to recommend a dose of atazanavir in patients weighing less than 40 kg and receiving a proton pump inhibitor.(1) The Canadian and UK manufacturer of atazanavir states that the coadministration of atazanavir and proton pump inhibitors is not recommended. If coadministration is necessary, the dose of atazanavir should be increased to 400 mg daily taken with ritonavir 100 mg daily, and the dose of the proton pump inhibitor should not exceed the equivalent of omeprazole 20 mg.(10,11) The UK manufacturer of esomeprazole states that concurrent use with atazanavir is contraindicated.(9) The US manufacturer of esomeprazole(4) and omeprazole(5) states that concurrent use of atazanavir or nelfinavir is not recommended. The US manufacturers of dexlansoprazole (6), lansoprazole,(7) and pantoprazole(8) state that atazanavir and nelfinavir should not be coadministered with proton pump inhibitors. DISCUSSION: In a study of 16 subjects, atazanavir (400 mg daily) area-under-curve (AUC), maximum concentration (Cmax) and minimum concentration (Cmin) decreased 94%, 96% and 95% respectively, when given with omeprazole (40 mg daily). Omeprazole AUC and Cmax increased 145% and 124% respectively.(1) In a study of 15 subjects, atazanavir AUC, Cmax and Cmin decreased 76%, 72% and 78% respectively, when given with omeprazole (40 mg daily) and ritonavir (100 mg daily).(1) In a study in 13 subjects, administration of omeprazole (20 mg daily) 12 hours before atazanavir/ritonavir (300/100 mg daily) decreased atazanavir Cmax, AUC, and Cmin by 39%, 42%, and 46%, respectively; however, the atazanavir AUC and Cmin were 10% and 2.4-fold higher than average levels seen with atazanavir 400 mg alone.(1) In a study in 14 subjects, administration of omeprazole (20 mg daily) 1 hour before atazanavir/ritonavir (400/100 mg daily) decreased atazanavir Cmax, AUC, and Cmin by 31%, 30%, and 31%, respectively; however, the atazanavir AUC and Cmin were 32% and 3.3-fold higher than average levels seen with atazanavir 400 mg alone.(1) In a study in 10 healthy subjects, concurrent administration of lansoprazole (60 mg daily for 2 days) with atazanavir (400 mg) decreased atazanavir AUC by 94%.(14) In a case report, concurrent esomeprazole decreased atazanavir, but not fosamprenavir levels in a 65 year-old HIV-positive male.(15) In a study in 16 healthy, HIV-negative subjects, the concurrent administration of omeprazole or ranitidine with ritonavir-boosted darunavir had no effect on darunavir pharmacokinetics.(16) In a study in healthy subjects, the concurrent administration of esomeprazole (20 mg daily) with either fosamprenavir (1400 mg twice daily) or fosamprenavir (700 mg twice daily) and ritonavir (100 mg twice daily) for 14 days had no effect on amprenavir pharmacokinetics.(17) In a study in 19 subjects, concurrent omeprazole (40 mg daily) and nelfinavir (1250 mg twice daily) for 4 days decreased nelfinavir AUC, Cmax, and Cmin by 36%, 37%, and 39%.(7,17) The AUC, Cmax, and Cmin of the active M8 metabolite of nelfinavir decreased by 92%, 89%, and 75%, respectively.(4,17) A retrospective review of nelfinavir levels found concurrent use of omeprazole decreased the median M8/nelfinavir ratio.(12) In a case report a 56 year old HIV infected male received omeprazole (40mg daily) and atazanavir/ritonavir (300/100mg) for ten months. Investigators used Bayesian models to determine atazanavir exposure, and found atazanavir levels to be in the 25th percentile of boosted levels, but still above the 75th percentile for unboosted atazanavir.(20) A retrospective review of 76 patients taking proton pump inhibitors and 66 patients not using proton pump inhibitors found no association with a higher virologic failure rate in patients receiving proton pump inhibitors.(21) In a case report, a 50 year-old HIV-infected male with a CD4 count of 1095 cells/ml and an HIV load of 88 copies/ml on a nelfinavir based regimen was switched to an atazanavir/ritonavir (300/100mg daily) regimen. The patient was taking omeprazole (20mg daily) and admitted to taking the atazanavir at 150mg twice daily. The patients CD4 count dropped to 830 cells/ml, but his HIV load dropped to <75 copies/ml. The investigators summarized concurrent use of omeprazole did not adversely affect this patient's virologic load.(22) In a study in 18 healthy subjects, concurrent omeprazole (40 mg daily) with saquinavir/ritonavir (1000/100 mg twice daily) for 4 days increased saquinavir AUC by 83%. No toxicities were noted.(18) In a study in 12 healthy subjects, concurrent omeprazole (40 mg daily) with saquinavir/ritonavir (1000/100 mg twice daily) for 7 weeks increased saquinavir AUC, Cmin, and Cmax by 54%, 73%, 55% respectively. Omeprazole 2 hours prior to saquinavir/ritonavir increased saquinavir AUC, Cmin, and Cmax by 67%, 97%, and 65% respectively. No toxicities were noted.(23) In a study of 14 healthy subjects, concurrent omeprazole (20 mg daily and 40 mg daily) with indinavir (800mg daily) for 7 days decreased indinavir AUC by 34% and 47% respectively and no statistical changes were seen in the Cmax or Tmax of indinavir. When omeprazole (40mg daily) was given with indinavir/ritonavir (800mg/200mg daily) for 7 days indinavir AUC increased by 55% and no statistical changes were seen in indinavir Cmax or Tmax. Omeprazole (40mg daily) showed a Cmax increase of 50% and a half-life increase of 100% in the presence of ritonavir.(24) In a study of 19 healthy subjects, concurrent omeprazole (20 mg daily) with fosamprenavir/ritonavir (1400/200 mg daily) or atazanavir/ritonavir (300/100)for 3 weeks showed no effect on amprenavir pharmacokinetics, but decreased atazanavir AUC and Cmin by 27%.(25) In a retrospective review of 15 HIV-infected patients receiving indinavir (800mg three times daily), nine patients were also receiving omeprazole (20-40mg daily). Of these nine patients, four had plasma concentrations of indinavir below the 95% confidence interval of plasmas concentration in patients receiving indinavir alone, four were within the 95% confidence interval, and one was above the 95% confidence interval.(26) In a case report, a 40 year-old HIV-infected male with extensive antiretroviral history and virological failure began atazanavir/ritonavir (300/100mg daily). The patient was restarted on lansoprazole during atazanavir/ritonavir therapy, and despite lansoprazole and tenofovir therapy the patients plasma concentrations of atazanavir remained consistent with historical values, and the patients Cmin stayed well above the established values for the combination of atazanavir/ritonavir with tenofovir.(27) In a study of 68 healthy subjects, coadministration of omeprazole (40mg daily) with lopinavir/ritonavir (400/100mg twice daily or 800/200mg once daily) showed no statistical change in pharmacokinetics.(28,29) However, when given with atazanavir/ritonavir (300/100 daily) bioavailability of atazanavir decreased by 48-62%.(28) One or more of the drug pairs linked to this monograph have been included in a list of interactions that should be considered "high-priority" for inclusion and should not be inactivated in EHR systems. This DDI subset was vetted by an expert panel commissioned by the U.S. Office of the National Coordinator (ONC) for Health Information Technology.	ATAZANAVIR SULFATE, EVOTAZ, REYATAZ, VIRACEPT
Rilpivirine/Proton Pump Inhibitors SEVERITY LEVEL: 1-Contraindicated Drug Combination: This drug combination is contraindicated and generally should not be dispensed or administered to the same patient. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Rilpivirine requires an acidic medium for absorption. The proton pump inhibitor induced decrease in gastric pH may result in a decrease in rilpivirine absorption.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of a proton pump inhibitor may result in decreased levels and effectiveness of rilpivirine, as well as the development of resistance.(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The US manufacturer of rilpivirine states that concurrent use of proton pump inhibitors is contraindicated.(1) When substituting antacids for proton pump inhibitors in patients maintained on rilpivirine, administer the antacid at least 2 hours before or 4 hours after rilpivirine.(1) When substituting H2 antagonists for proton pump inhibitors in patients maintained on rilpivirine, administer the H2 antagonist at least 12 hours before or 4 hours after rilpivirine.(1) DISCUSSION: In a study in 16 subjects, omeprazole (20 mg daily) decreased the maximum concentration (Cmax), area-under-curve (AUC), and minimum concentration (Cmin) of rilpivirine (150 mg daily) by 40%, 40%, and 33%, respectively. The Cmax and AUC of omeprazole decreased by 14% and 14%, respectively.(1) In a study in 24 subjects, famotidine (40 mg single dose) administered 12 hours before a single dose of rilpivirine (150 mg) had no significant effect on rilpivirine Cmax or AUC.(1) In a study in 23 subjects, famotidine (40 mg single dose) administered 2 hours before a single dose of rilpivirine (150 mg) decreased the rilpivirine Cmax and AUC by 85% and 76%, respectively.(1) In a study in 24 subjects, famotidine (40 mg single dose) administered 4 hours after a single dose of rilpivirine (150 mg) increased the rilpivirine Cmax and AUC by 21% and 13%, respectively.(1)	COMPLERA, EDURANT, EDURANT PED, EMTRICITABINE-RILPIVIRNE-TENOF, JULUCA, ODEFSEY

Drug contraindication overview.

*Known hypersensitivity to pantoprazole, any other ingredient in the formulation, or other substituted benzimidazoles (e.g., esomeprazole, lansoprazole, omeprazole, rabeprazole). *Concomitant use of rilpivirine-containing products.

Adverse reaction overview.

Adverse effects occurring in >2% of adult patients receiving oral pantoprazole and reported more frequently with pantoprazole than with placebo include headache, diarrhea, nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, flatulence, dizziness, and arthralgia. Adverse effects occurring in >4% of pediatric patients receiving oral pantoprazole and reported more frequently with pantoprazole than with placebo include upper respiratory tract infection, headache, diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting, fever, and rash. The most common adverse effects occurring in >2% of patients receiving IV pantoprazole include headache, diarrhea, nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, flatulence, dizziness, and arthralgia.

Efficacy and safety of oral pantoprazole for short-term treatment of erosive esophagitis associated with GERD in pediatric patients 1 to 16 years of age are supported by controlled clinical trials in adults and additional safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetic studies in pediatric patients. However, because an appropriate dosage formulation is not available for children <5 years of age, oral pantoprazole is labeled for use only in children >=5 years of age. Safety and efficacy of oral pantoprazole for uses other than treatment of erosive esophagitis have not been established in pediatric patients.

Oral pantoprazole was evaluated in several clinical trials in pediatric patients 1 to 16 years of age with endoscopically diagnosed or symptomatic GERD, including a limited number of patients with endoscopically diagnosed erosive esophagitis. Because these clinical trials had no placebo or active comparator group and provided no evidence of a dose-related response to the pantoprazole dosages studied, the results were inconclusive regarding efficacy of pantoprazole for the treatment of symptomatic GERD in pediatric patients. Adverse effects reported in more than 4% of patients included upper respiratory tract infection, headache, fever, diarrhea, vomiting, rash, and abdominal pain.

Following oral administration of a single 40-mg dose of pantoprazole, exposure to the drug was about 39% higher in children 6 to 11 years of age and about 10% higher in adolescents 12-16 years of age compared with adults. Efficacy of oral pantoprazole in infants <1 year of age has not been established. In a treatment-withdrawal study in infants 1 to 11 months of age with symptomatic GERD, pantoprazole was not more effective than placebo.

Safety and efficacy of short-term (up to 7 days) treatment with IV pantoprazole sodium for GERD associated with a history of erosive esophagitis have been established in patients >=3 months of age. Use of IV pantoprazole for this indication is supported by evidence from adequate, well-controlled studies of IV and oral pantoprazole in adults and oral pantoprazole in pediatric patients, with additional pharmacokinetic and safety data with IV pantoprazole in pediatric patients >=1 year of age and oral pantoprazole in pediatric patients >=3 months of age. Adverse reactions were generally similar to those reported in adults receiving IV or oral pantoprazole.

Safety and efficacy of IV pantoprazole sodium for the treatment of GERD associated with a history of erosive esophagitis have not been established in pediatric patients <3 months of age. Safety and efficacy of IV pantoprazole sodium have not been established for the treatment of pathological hypersecretory conditions (including Zollinger-Ellison syndrome) in pediatric patients.

Contraindicated

None

Severe Precaution

None

Management or Monitoring Precaution

None