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Drug overview for LANOXIN PEDIATRIC (digoxin):
Generic name: DIGOXIN
Drug class: Digitalis Glycosides
Therapeutic class: Cardiovascular Therapy Agents
Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside with positive inotropic and antiarrhythmic effects.
Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside that is used principally in the management of heart failure and atrial fibrillation. Cardiac glycosides are a class of drugs that increase force and velocity of myocardial systolic contraction (positive inotropic action) and also decrease conduction velocity through the atrioventricular (AV) node. Although several cardiac glycoside preparations were previously available for medicinal use (see Chemistry and Stability: Chemistry), digoxin is currently the only commercially available cardiac glycoside in the US.
Generic name: DIGOXIN
Drug class: Digitalis Glycosides
Therapeutic class: Cardiovascular Therapy Agents
Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside with positive inotropic and antiarrhythmic effects.
Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside that is used principally in the management of heart failure and atrial fibrillation. Cardiac glycosides are a class of drugs that increase force and velocity of myocardial systolic contraction (positive inotropic action) and also decrease conduction velocity through the atrioventricular (AV) node. Although several cardiac glycoside preparations were previously available for medicinal use (see Chemistry and Stability: Chemistry), digoxin is currently the only commercially available cardiac glycoside in the US.
DRUG IMAGES
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The following indications for LANOXIN PEDIATRIC (digoxin) have been approved by the FDA:
Indications:
Chronic heart failure
Ventricular rate control in atrial fibrillation
Professional Synonyms:
Congestive heart failure
Indications:
Chronic heart failure
Ventricular rate control in atrial fibrillation
Professional Synonyms:
Congestive heart failure
The following dosing information is available for LANOXIN PEDIATRIC (digoxin):
Dosage of digoxin should be selected carefully in geriatric patients since they are more likely to have impaired renal function. (See Dosage in Renal Impairment under Dosage and Administration: Dosage.) Lower dosages (125 mcg (0.125 mg) daily or every other day) are recommended for the management of heart failure in geriatric patients older than 70 years of age.
No dosage adjustment is necessary in patients with hepatic impairment; however, serum digoxin concentrations may be used to guide dosing in such patients.
Renal function should be considered during dosage selection. Digoxin is principally excreted by the kidneys and impaired renal function may predispose patients to digoxin toxicity. Dosage should be reduced and titrated carefully in patients with renal impairment based on clinical response and serum digoxin concentrations as appropriate.
No dosage adjustment is necessary in patients with hepatic impairment; however, serum digoxin concentrations may be used to guide dosing in such patients.
Renal function should be considered during dosage selection. Digoxin is principally excreted by the kidneys and impaired renal function may predispose patients to digoxin toxicity. Dosage should be reduced and titrated carefully in patients with renal impairment based on clinical response and serum digoxin concentrations as appropriate.
Digoxin usually is administered orally. When oral therapy is not feasible or when rapid therapeutic effect is necessary, the drug may be administered parenterally. Although digoxin may be given IM or IV, the IV route of administration is preferred because IM injection can cause severe local irritation and pain at the site of injection. If the drug must be administered by the IM route, injections should be made deep into the muscle followed by massage of the injection site, and no more than 2 mL of the drug should be injected at a single site.
| DRUG LABEL | DOSING TYPE | DOSING INSTRUCTIONS |
|---|---|---|
| LANOXIN PED 100 MCG/ML AMPUL | Maintenance | Adults inject 1.25 milliliters (125 mcg) by intravenous route once daily |
No generic dosing information available.
The following drug interaction information is available for LANOXIN PEDIATRIC (digoxin):
There are 0 contraindications.
There are 18 severe interactions.
These drug interactions can produce serious consequences in most patients. Actions required for severe interactions include, but are not limited to, discontinuing one or both agents, adjusting dosage, altering administration scheduling, and providing additional patient monitoring. Review the full interaction monograph for more information.
| Drug Interaction | Drug Names |
|---|---|
| Digitalis Glycosides/Quinidine SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Quinidine may inhibit the transport of digoxin by P-glycoprotein (P-gp). CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent quinidine may result in digoxin toxicity. Symptoms of digoxin toxicity can include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, headache, fatigue, malaise, drowsiness, generalized muscle weakness, disorientation, hallucinations, visual disturbances, and arrhythmias. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Low body weight, advanced age, impaired renal function, hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, and/or hypomagnesemia may increase the risk of digoxin toxicity. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: In patients receiving concurrent quinidine, monitor serum digoxin levels and for signs and symptoms of digoxin toxicity. The dosage of digoxin may need to be adjusted by 30% to 50% or its frequency of administration adjusted if quinidine is initiated or discontinued. Consider therapy with an agent which has not been shown to interact with digoxin. DISCUSSION: In a study of six subjects, quinidine sulfate (300 mg every 6 hours) was given orally for 3 days prior to an injection of digoxin (1 mg) and then continued for 5 more days. Systemic clearance of digoxin was reduced by 45%, the renal clearance reduced by 33%, and the nonrenal clearance reduced by 60% with all values being statistically significant. In another study of 101 subjects receiving digoxin alone and 20 subjects receiving digoxin and quinidine together, the addition of quinidine was found to decrease digoxin clearance by 26%. In addition, 10 of the 20 subjects (50%) receiving digoxin and quinidine together were confirmed to have digitalis toxicity, whereas only 5 of the 101 subjects (4.9%) receiving digoxin alone were confirmed to have digitalis toxicity. The authors concluded that quinidine caused an increase in digoxin toxicity even in the therapeutic serum digoxin levels(2). In a clinical pharmacokinetic in vitro study, a portion of the jejunum was taken from seven healthy subjects with a multilumen perfusion catheter. A portion of the jejunal segment was added with digoxin alone while another portion had administered digoxin with quinidine. The results indicated that when digoxin was added alone 22.3%(+/-8.9%) was absorbed; the addition of quinidine to the jejunal segment caused an increase in the fraction of absorbed digoxin by 55.8%(+/-21.2%)(p<0.05). Also, the Cmax for digoxin alone was 1.0ng/ml/mg(+/-0.4) while digoxin administered with quinidine caused a Cmax increase to 3.8ng/ml/mg(+/-1.2) (P<0.001)(3). Concomitant administration of quinidine and digoxin increased the digoxin serum concentration 100%. (17) |
NUEDEXTA, QUINIDINE GLUCONATE, QUINIDINE SULFATE |
| Digitalis Glycosides/Amphotericin B SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Amphotericin B may cause hypokalemia which can predispose patients to digitalis toxicity. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Possible potentiation of digitalis effects. Symptoms of digoxin toxicity can include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, headache, fatigue, malaise, drowsiness, generalized muscle weakness, disorientation, hallucinations, visual disturbances, and arrhythmias. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Low body weight, advanced age, impaired renal function, hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, and/or hypomagnesemia may increase the risk of digoxin toxicity. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Monitor potassium levels carefully in patients using these agents concomitantly. Correct potassium deficits promptly. DISCUSSION: Amphotericin B induced hypokalemia is a well known drug side effect. |
ABELCET, AMBISOME, AMPHOTERICIN B, AMPHOTERICIN B LIPOSOME |
| Amiodarone; Dronedarone/Digitalis Glycosides SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Multiple mechanisms appear to be involved in the interaction between amiodarone and digitalis glycosides. Amiodarone decreases renal and nonrenal clearance of the digitalis glycosides, reduces digitalis glycoside volume of distribution, and increases digitalis glycoside bioavailability. In addition, digitalis glycosides depress the sinus node, producing bradycardia. Dronedarone increases digoxin levels by inhibiting the P-glycoprotein transporter. Digoxin also potentiates the electrophysiologic effects of dronedarone. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent amiodarone or dronedarone may result in elevated levels of and effects from digitalis glycosides. The magnitude of the interaction between amiodarone and digitalis glycosides is dependent on the route of administration of the digitalis glycoside and proportional to the amiodarone dose and serum level. Concurrent use of dronedarone and digoxin may increase the risk of arrhythmic or sudden death. Symptoms of digoxin toxicity can include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, headache, fatigue, malaise, drowsiness, generalized muscle weakness, hallucinations, visual disturbances, and arrhythmias. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Low body weight, advanced age, impaired renal function, hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, and/or hypomagnesemia may increase the risk of digoxin toxicity. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: If concurrent therapy is warranted, monitor serum digitalis glycoside levels and observe the patient for symptoms of digitalis toxicity. Upon adding amiodarone or dronedarone, digitalis dosages should first be decreased in anticipation of an interaction, then adjusted accordingly. The dosage of oral digitalis glycoside may need to be decreased by 30-50%, or the frequency of administration may be reduced. For IV or IM digitalis glycoside, the dosage may need to be decreased by 15-30%, or the dosing frequency may be reduced. DISCUSSION: Plasma digitalis glycoside concentrations may increase several fold after adding amiodarone to the treatment regimen. The effect appears related to the dose of amiodarone, with higher doses of amiodarone being associated with the greatest increases. A study in 12 patients controlled on digitalis found that the addition of amiodarone for arrhythmias resulted in a 75.42% increase in digitalis plasma levels at initiation of amiodarone. At the mid-point of combination therapy, digitalis serum levels were elevated by 52.1%. Three patients experienced digitalis-related toxicity. In a study in 6 healthy volunteers, a 7-day course of amiodarone increased the maximum concentration (Cmax) of a single dose of digoxin (0.50 mg) from 2.92 ng/ml to 5.87 ng/ml. Digoxin area-under-curve (AUC) increased from 30.71 ng x h/mL to 40.63 ng x h/ml. Four out of the 6 subjects showed a decrease in the time to Cmax (Tmax) of digoxin. Concurrent use of amiodarone with IV or IM digoxin increased the digoxin AUC by 40%.(28) Increased serum digitalis glycoside levels with accompanying toxicity have been reported during concomitant administration of amiodarone and digoxin, digitalis, and digitoxin. Torsades de pointes has been reported. The subjects suffered torsades de pointes within 48 hours of amiodarone loading. Concurrent dronedarone and digoxin (dosages not stated) increased digoxin exposure 2.5-fold. In the ANDROMEDA and PALLAS trials, baseline use of digoxin was associated with an increased risk of arrhythmic or sudden death in dronedarone-treated patients when compared to the use of digoxin plus placebo. In patients not taking digoxin, there was no difference in sudden risk of death between dronedarone and placebo. In the ANDROMEDA trial, baseline digoxin use was reported in 6 of 16 dronedarone patients versus 1 of 16 placebo patients who died of arrythmia. In the PALLAS trial, baseline digoxin therapy was reported in 11 of 13 patients who died of arrhythmia, versus none of the 4 patients in the placebo group who died of arrythmia. Concomitant administration of dronedarone and oral digoxin increased the digoxin AUC by 150%.(29) |
AMIODARONE HCL, AMIODARONE HCL-D5W, MULTAQ, NEXTERONE, PACERONE |
| Digoxin/Propafenone;Flecainide SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Uncertain, but decreases in volume of distribution as well as renal and metabolic clearance of digoxin have been observed. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Digoxin plasma concentrations may increase, producing toxicity. Signs of digitalis toxicity include nausea, vomiting and ECG changes like bradycardia, ventricular ectopy and shortening of the QT interval. Propafenone use may have resulted in a digoxin-induced fatal ventricular fibrillation (1). PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Propafenone should be used with caution in patients with serious structural heart disease as it may cause or aggravate life-threatening arrhythmias. Low body weight, advanced age, impaired renal function, hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, and/or hypomagnesemia may increase the risk of digoxin toxicity. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: If concurrent therapy is warranted, monitor serum digoxin glycoside levels and observe the patient for symptoms of digitalis toxicity. Upon adding propafenone or flecainide, digoxin dosages should first be decreased in anticipation of an interaction, then adjusted accordingly. The dosage of oral digoxin may need to be decreased by 30-50%, or the frequency of administration may be reduced. For IV or IM digoxin, the dosage may need to be decreased by 15-30%, or the dosing frequency may be reduced. DISCUSSION: Clinical studies have shown that coadministration of propafenone and digoxin may result in an increase in serum digoxin levels of 30-60%. Symptoms of digitalis toxicity have been reported. An interaction has been demonstrated in both adult and pediatric patients. Concurrent administration of flecainide and digoxin resulted in a small but significant increase of 13% in plasma digoxin concentration. A significant prolongation of the PR interval in six of 15 subjects was noted. Two studies have documented that encainide therapy does not affect digoxin pharmacokinetics. Concomitant administration of propafenone and oral digoxin increased the digoxin area-under-the-curve (AUC) 60-270%.(14) Concurrent use of propafenone with IV or IM digoxin increased the digoxin AUC by 29%.(15) |
FLECAINIDE ACETATE, PROPAFENONE HCL, PROPAFENONE HCL ER |
| Digoxin/Cyclosporine SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Cyclosporine may increase the absorption of digoxin by inhibiting P-glycoprotein (P-gp). CLINICAL EFFECTS: The pharmacological effects of digoxin may be increased resulting in toxicity. Symptoms of digoxin toxicity can include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, headache, fatigue, malaise, drowsiness, generalized muscle weakness, disorientation, hallucinations, visual disturbances, and arrhythmias. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Low body weight, advanced age, impaired renal function, hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, and/or hypomagnesemia may increase the risk of digoxin toxicity. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: In patients receiving digoxin, monitor serum digoxin level when treatment with cyclosporine is instituted, increased, decreased or discontinued. Adjust the dose of digoxin accordingly. DISCUSSION: Digoxin toxicity has been reported in two patients following the addition of cyclosporine to their treatment schedule. In two additional patients, the apparent volume of distribution and the plasma clearance of digoxin decreased by 71% and 53% respectively during concurrent administration of cyclosporine. |
CYCLOSPORINE, CYCLOSPORINE MODIFIED, GENGRAF, NEORAL, SANDIMMUNE |
| Digoxin/Verapamil; Mibefradil SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Verapamil may reduce the clearance of digoxin and may displace digoxin from its tissue binding sites. CLINICAL EFFECTS: May observe increased digoxin toxicity. Symptoms of digoxin toxicity can include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, headache, fatigue, malaise, drowsiness, generalized muscle weakness, disorientation, hallucinations, visual disturbances, and arrhythmias. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Low body weight, advanced age, impaired renal or hepatic function, low heart rate, hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, and/or hypomagnesemia may increase the risk of digoxin toxicity. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: If concurrent therapy is warranted, monitor serum digoxin levels and observe the patient for symptoms of digitalis toxicity. Upon adding verapamil, digoxin dosages should first be decreased in anticipation of an interaction, then adjusted accordingly. The dosage of oral digoxin may need to be decreased by 30-50%, or the frequency of administration may be reduced. For IV or IM digoxin, the dosage may need to be decreased by 15-30%, or the dosing frequency may be reduced. Concurrent therapy in patients with low heart rates may unmask sick sinus syndrome. Consider therapy with an agent which has not been shown to interact with digoxin. DISCUSSION: Serum digoxin concentrations are increased 50% to 70% during concurrent therapy of oral digoxin and verapamil. The increased concentrations occur within seven days of initiation of verapamil. The clinical and toxic effects of digoxin have been increased. The manufacturer of mibefradil states that concurrent use of mibefradil and digoxin in patients with low heart rates may result in the unmasking of sick sinus syndrome. Concomitant administration of verapamil and oral digoxin increased the digoxin serum concentration by 50-75%.(15) Concurrent use of verapamil with IV or IM digoxin increased digoxin area-under-curve (AUC) by 24%.(16) |
TRANDOLAPRIL-VERAPAMIL ER, VERAPAMIL ER, VERAPAMIL ER PM, VERAPAMIL HCL, VERAPAMIL SR |
| Itraconazole; Ketoconazole/Digoxin SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: The exact mechanism is unknown, but itraconazole and ketoconazole may inhibit the transport of digoxin by p-glycoprotein. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of itraconazole or ketoconazole may result in increased digoxin levels and signs of digoxin toxicity. Symptoms of digoxin toxicity can include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, headache, fatigue, malaise, drowsiness, generalized muscle weakness, disorientation, hallucinations, visual disturbances, and arrhythmias. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Low body weight, advanced age, impaired renal function, hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, and/or hypomagnesemia may increase the risk of digoxin toxicity. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Monitor digoxin levels in patients receiving concurrent therapy with itraconazole or ketoconazole. The dosage of digoxin may need to be adjusted, possibly by as much as a 30% to 75% decrease during concurrent therapy. Alternatively, the frequency of administration may be decreased. DISCUSSION: In a double-blind, randomized, cross-over study in 10 healthy subjects, itraconazole (200 mg daily for 5 days) increased the area-under curve (AUC) of a single dose of digoxin (0.5 mg on Day 3) by 50%. The renal clearance of digoxin decreased by 20%. Increases in digoxin maximum concentration (Cmax) and half-life were not statistically significant.(2) In a double-blind, randomized, cross-over study in 10 healthy subjects, itraconazole (200 mg daily for 10 days) increased the AUC of digoxin (0.25 mg daily for 20 days) by 80%.(3) There are several published case reports of increased digoxin levels and signs of digoxin toxicity in patients receiving concurrent therapy with itraconazole.(4-13) In four of these reports, it was documented that there were no changes in serum creatinine or potassium to account for the increased digoxin levels and toxicity observed.(4-8) In two patients, a reduction in digoxin dosage by 75% resulted in therapeutic levels during concurrent therapy. In contrast to these reports, itraconazole (200 mg daily) was administered for 36 months with concurrent digoxin (0.125 mg daily) with no changes in digoxin levels.(14) In a double-blind, randomized, cross-over study in healthy subjects, voriconazole (200 mg twice daily Days 11-22) had no effect on digoxin levels (0.5 mg twice daily, Day 1; 0.25 mg twice daily Day 2; 0.25 mg daily Days 3-22).(15) Concomitant administration of itraconazole and digoxin increased the digoxin serum concentration by 80%.(16) There are case reports of elevated digoxin levels during concurrent ketoconazole therapy.(17) |
ITRACONAZOLE, ITRACONAZOLE MICRONIZED, KETOCONAZOLE, SPORANOX, TOLSURA |
| Digoxin/Hydroxychloroquine SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Unknown. However, hydroxychloroquine may reduce the renal and non-renal clearance of digoxin. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Plasma digoxin concentrations may be elevated, increasing the toxic effects of digoxin. Symptoms of digoxin toxicity can include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, headache, fatigue, malaise, drowsiness, generalized muscle weakness, disorientation, hallucinations, visual disturbances, and arrhythmias. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Monitor serum digoxin concentrations and observe the patient for signs of toxicity when starting or stopping hydroxychloroquine. Adjust the dose of digoxin as needed. DISCUSSION: Two patients stabilized on digoxin therapy experienced an increase in serum digoxin levels when hydroxychloroquine was added to their treatment. Plasma digoxin levels decreased when hydroxychloroquine was discontinued. |
HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE SULFATE, PLAQUENIL, SOVUNA |
| Digitalis Glycosides/Intravenous Calcium Products SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: The mechanism of action of digitalis glycosides involves its ability to cause an increase in excitation-contraction coupling mediated through the effects of calcium. Excitable tissues in the heart experience inhibition of sodium/potassium ATPase (the membrane "sodium pump") by digitalis glycosides and so attain relatively higher intracellular sodium and lower potassium concentrations. Higher intracellular sodium concentrations facilitate exchange of extracellular calcium ions and the inward and internal flux of calcium results in modified transmembrane potentials and stronger contractions of cardiac muscle. Elevated extracellular concentrations of calcium after parenteral calcium salts further facilitate these inward calcium fluxes. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Rapid administration of calcium via the intravenous route may result in digitalis toxicity, including arrhythmias.(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Low body weight, advanced age, impaired renal function, hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, and/or hypomagnesemia may increase the risk of digoxin toxicity. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: In patients maintain on a digitalis glycosides, administer intravenous calcium slowly and with caution. If cardiac toxicity develops, supportive measures without additional antiarrhythmics may be sufficient. DISCUSSION: Effects of digitalis glycosides on the heart are increased by elevated extracellular concentrations of ionic calcium. Intravenous administration of calcium salts during digitalis therapy may result in altered cardiac electrophysiologic activity such as tachycardia or arrhythmias. Oral calcium carbonate has not been shown to affect the bioavailability of oral digitalis. |
AA 2%-D10W-CALCIUM, AA 2%-D10W-CALCIUM-HEPARIN, AA 2%-D10W-LOW CALCIUM-HEPARIN, AA 2%-D5W-CALCIUM-HEPARIN, AA 2.5%-D10W-CALCIUM-HEPARIN, AA 3%-D10W-CALCIUM, AA 3%-D10W-CALCIUM-HEPARIN, AA 3%-D10W-LOW CALCIUM-HEPARIN, AA 3%-D5W-CALCIUM, AA 3%-D5W-CALCIUM-HEPARIN, AA 3%-D5W-LOW CALCIUM-HEPARIN, AA 3.5%-D10W-CALCIUM, AA 3.5%-D10W-CALCIUM-HEPARIN, AA 3.5%-D10W-LO CALCIUM-HEPARN, AA 4%-D10W-CALCIUM-HEPARIN, AA 6%-D10W-CALCIUM-HEPARIN, CALCIUM CHLORIDE, CALCIUM GLUCONATE, CALCIUM GLUCONATE MONOHYDRATE, CALCIUM GLUCONATE-0.9% NACL, CALCIUM GLUCONATE-D5W, CALCIUM GLUCONATE-NACL, CALCIUM GLUCONATE-WATER, CLINIMIX E, DEXTROSE IN LACTATED RINGERS, EDETATE CALCIUM DISODIUM, KABIVEN, LACTATED RINGERS, NUTRILYTE, OXYTOCIN-D5-LACTATED RINGERS, OXYTOCIN-LACTATED RINGERS, PERIKABIVEN, POTASSIUM CHLORIDE IN D5LR, RINGERS INJECTION, TPN ELECTROLYTES |
| Fingolimod/Beta-Blockers; AV Node Blockers SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Initiation of fingolimod has a negative chronotropic effect leading to a mean decrease in heart rate of 13 beats per minute (bpm) after the first dose. The first dose has also been associated with heart block. Beta-blockers or agents which slow AV node conduction further increase the risk for symptomatic bradycardia or heart block. CLINICAL EFFECTS: The heart rate lowering effect of fingolimod is biphasic with an initial decrease usually within 6 hours, followed by a second decrease 12 to 24 hours after the first dose. Symptomatic bradycardia and heart block have been observed. Bradycardia may be associated with an increase in the QTc interval, increasing the risk for torsade de pointes. The cause of death in a patient who died within 24 hour after taking the first dose of fingolimod was not conclusive; however a link to fingolimod or a drug interaction with fingolimod could not be ruled out. Beta-Blockers linked to this monograph are: atenolol, betaxolol, bisoprolol, carvedilol, esmolol, landiolol, labetalol, metoprolol, nadolol, nebivolol, propranolol and timolol. AV Node Blocking agents are:digoxin, diltiazem, flecainide, ivabradine, propafenone and verapamil. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Pre-existing cardiovascular disease (e.g. heart failure, ischemic heart disease, history of myocardial infarction, stroke, history of torsades de pointes, or heart block), severe untreated sleep apnea, a prolonged QTc interval prior to fingolimod initiation, or factors associated with QTc prolongation (e.g. hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, bradycardia, female gender, or advanced age) may increase risk for cardiovascular toxicity due to fingolimod. Concurrent use of more than one drug known to cause QT prolongation or higher systemic concentrations of either QT prolonging drug are additional risk factors for torsades de pointes. Factors which may increase systemic drug concentrations include rapid infusion of an intravenous dose or impaired metabolism or elimination of the drug (e.g. coadministration with an agent which inhibits its metabolism or elimination, genetic impairment in drug metabolism or elimination, and/or renal/hepatic dysfunction).(5) PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Fingolimod is contraindicated in patients with Class III/IV heart failure or in patients who have experienced myocardial infarction, unstable angina, stroke, transient ischemic attack (TIA) or decompensated heart failure within the past six months.(1) Patients with pre-existing cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease (e.g. heart failure, ischemic heart disease, history of myocardial infarction, stroke, or heart block), severe untreated sleep apnea, or a prolonged QTc interval prior to fingolimod initiation should receive cardiologist consultation to evaluate the risks of fingolimod therapy. Patients receiving agents linked to this monograph should have their physician evaluate the possibility of a switch to agents which do not slow heart rate or cardiac conduction. If fingolimod is initiated, the patient should stay overnight in a medical facility with continuous ECG monitoring after the first dose. Correct hypokalemia or hypomagnesemia prior to starting fingolimod. US monitoring recommendations in addition to continuous ECG with overnight monitoring: Check blood pressure hourly. If heart rate (HR) is < 45 beats per minute (BPM) or if the ECG shows new onset of second degree or higher AV block at the end of the monitoring period, then monitoring should continue until the finding has resolved. If patient requires treatment for symptomatic bradycardia, the first dose monitoring strategy should be repeated for the second dose of fingolimod. If, within the first two weeks of treatment one or more fingolimod doses is missed, then first dose procedures are recommended upon resumption. If during weeks 3 and 4 of fingolimod treatment dose is interrupted more than 7 days, then first dose procedures are recommended upon resumption. United Kingdom recommendations(3): Obtain a 12-lead ECG prior to initiating fingolimod therapy. Consult a cardiologist for pretreatment risk-benefit assessment if patient has a resting heart rate less than 55 bpm, history of syncope, second degree or greater AV block, sick-sinus syndrome, concurrent therapy with beta-blockers, Class Ia, or Class III antiarrhythmics, heart failure or other significant cardiovascular disease. Perform continuous ECG monitoring, measure blood pressure and heart rate every hour, and perform a 12-lead ECG 6 hours after the first dose. Monitoring should be extended beyond 6 hours if symptomatic bradycardia or new onset of second degree AV block, Mobitz Type II or third degree AV block has occurred at any time during the monitoring period. If heart rate 6 hours after the first dose is less than 40 bpm, has decreased more than 20 bpm compared with baseline, or if a new onset second degree AV block, Mobitz Type I (Wenckebach) persists, then monitoring should also be continued. If fingolimod treatment is discontinued for more than two weeks, the effects on heart rate and conduction could recur. Thus, first dose monitoring precautions should be followed upon reintroduction of fingolimod. DISCUSSION: After the first dose of fingolimod, heart rate decrease may begin within an hour. Decline is usually maximal at approximately 6 hours followed by a second decrease 12 to 24 hours after the first dose. The second dose may further decrease heart rate, but the magnitude of change is smaller than the first dose. With continued, chronic dosing, heart rate gradually returns to baseline in about one month.(1,2) Diurnal variation in heart rate and response to exercise are not affected by fingolimod treatment.(2) In a manufacturer sponsored study, fingolimod and atenolol 50 mg daily lowered heart rate 15% more than fingolimod alone. However, additional heart rate lowering was not seen with the combination of extended release diltiazem and fingolimod compared with fingolimod alone.(1) |
FINGOLIMOD, GILENYA, TASCENSO ODT |
| Digoxin/Vemurafenib SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Vemurafenib may increase the absorption of digoxin by inhibiting P-glycoprotein.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent vemurafenib may result in elevated levels of and toxicity from digoxin.(1) Symptoms of digoxin toxicity can include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, headache, fatigue, malaise, drowsiness, generalized muscle weakness, disorientation, hallucinations, visual disturbances, and arrhythmias. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Low body weight, advanced age, impaired renal function, hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, and/or hypomagnesemia may increase the risk of digoxin toxicity. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Avoid concurrent use of vemurafenib with digoxin. If concurrent use is unavoidable, consider dose reduction of digoxin. Monitor patients receiving concurrent therapy with digoxin and vemurafenib(1) for symptoms of toxicity, including anorexia, nausea, vomiting, headache, fatigue, malaise, drowsiness, generalized muscle weakness, disorientation, hallucinations, visual disturbances, and arrhythmias. DISCUSSION: In vitro studies suggest that vemurafenib is a substrate and an inhibitor of P-glycoprotein. (1) In a study in 26 cancer patients, administration of vemurafenib (960 mg twice daily) for 22 days increased digoxin AUC by 1.8 fold (90%CI:1.6, 2.0) and Cmax by 1.5-fold (90%CI:1.3, 1.7) after concomitant administration of a single dose of digoxin (0.25 mg). |
ZELBORAF |
| Digoxin/Trimethoprim SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Trimethoprim may inhibit the renal tubular clearance of digoxin.(1-3) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of trimethoprim may result in elevated levels of and toxicity from digoxin.(1,2) Symptoms of digoxin toxicity can include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, headache, fatigue, malaise, drowsiness, generalized muscle weakness, disorientation, hallucinations, visual disturbances, and arrhythmias. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Low body weight, advanced age, impaired renal function, hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, and/or hypomagnesemia may increase the risk of digoxin toxicity. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The manufacturer of digoxin states if concurrent therapy is warranted, monitor serum digoxin levels before initiating concurrent trimethoprim therapy and observe the patient for symptoms of digoxin toxicity. Upon adding trimethoprim, digoxin should first be decreased by approximately 15-30% of the current dose or by modifying the dosing frequency in anticipation of interaction. Continue monitoring digoxin levels and further adjust the dosing as necessary.(1) DISCUSSION: In a study of nine patients (median age 78 years, range 62-92) treated with a constant oral dosage of digoxin (0.125-0.25 mg daily), trimethoprim (200 mg twice daily) increased serum digoxin concentrations by 22% during concurrent therapy (p < 0.05).(3) In a single dose study of 6 healthy subjects (median age 29 years, range 24-31) treated with trimethoprim and digoxin (1 mg intravenous), trimethoprim (200 mg twice daily) administration did not affect total body clearance of digoxin. The renal clearance of digoxin decreased by 17% (p < 0.05) and the extrarenal clearance of digoxin increased by 14%.(3) In a retrospective, population-based cohort study of 47,961 patients receiving digoxin (median age 80 years, range 74-86) and initiated on trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) (n=10,273) or amoxicillin (n=37,688), the 30-day risk of a hospital encounter with digoxin toxicity was nearly 6 times higher in older adults who were prescribed TMP-SMX versus amoxicillin, although the absolute risk difference was low (0.4%). Of 10,273 patients co-prescribed digoxin and TMP-SMX, 492 (5%) had evidence of a digoxin dose reduction when the prescription for TMP-SMX was started. A hospital encounter with digoxin toxicity occurred in 49/10,273 (0.48%) patients treated with TMP-SMX versus 32/37,688 (0.08%) in those treated with amoxicillin (weighted risk ratio, 5.71 (95% confidence interval, 3.9 to 10.24)).(4) |
BACTRIM, BACTRIM DS, PRIMSOL, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE-TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFATRIM, TRIMETHOPRIM, TRIMETHOPRIM MICRONIZED |
| Siponimod/Agents That Cause Bradycardia SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Initiation of siponimod has caused transient decreases in heart rate and atrioventricular conduction delays after the first dose. Decreases in heart rate start within the first hour and maximal decrease in heart rate was seen at approximately 3-4 hours. The first dose has also been associated with heart block. Additional agents that cause bradycardia further increase the risk for symptomatic bradycardia.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: The heart rate lowering effect of siponimod is transient and is usually seen with the first dose. Bradycardia may be associated with an increase in the QTc interval, increasing the risk for torsade de pointes.(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Pre-existing cardiovascular disease (e.g. heart failure, ischemic heart disease, history of myocardial infarction, stroke, history of torsades de pointes, or heart block), severe untreated sleep apnea, a prolonged QTc interval prior to siponimod initiation, or factors associated with QTc prolongation (e.g. hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, bradycardia, female gender, or advanced age) may increase risk for cardiovascular toxicity due to siponimod.(2) Concurrent use of more than one drug known to cause QT prolongation or higher systemic concentrations of either QT prolonging drug are additional risk factors for torsades de pointes. Factors which may increase systemic drug concentrations include rapid infusion of an intravenous dose or impaired metabolism or elimination of the drug (e.g. coadministration with an agent which inhibits its metabolism or elimination, genetic impairment in drug metabolism or elimination, and/or renal/hepatic dysfunction).(2) PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The prescribing information states siponimod treatment should generally not be initiated in patients who are concurrent therapy with additional agents that cause bradycardia. If treatment with siponimod is considered, advice from a cardiologist should be sought regarding switching to non-heart rate lowering drugs or recommendations for monitoring for treatment initiation. Treatment initiation recommendations include: - Obtain an ECG in all patients to determine whether preexisting conduction abnormalities are present. - In all patients, a dose titration is recommended for initiation of siponimod treatment to help reduce cardiac effects. - In patients with sinus bradycardia (HR less than 55 bpm), first- or second-degree [Mobitz type I] AV block, or a history of myocardial infarction or heart failure with onset > 6 months prior to initiation, ECG testing and first dose monitoring is recommended. - Since significant bradycardia may be poorly tolerated in patients with history of cardiac arrest, cerebrovascular disease, uncontrolled hypertension, or severe untreated sleep apnea, siponimod is not recommended in these patients. If treatment is considered, advice from a cardiologist should be sought prior to initiation of treatment in order to determine the most appropriate monitoring strategy. - Use of siponimod in patients with a history of recurrent syncope or symptomatic bradycardia should be based on an overall benefit-risk assessment. If treatment is considered, advice from a cardiologist should be sought prior to initiation of treatment in order to determine the most appropriate monitoring. - If a titration dose is missed or if 4 or more consecutive daily doses are missed during maintenance treatment, reinitiate Day 1 of the dose titration and follow titration monitoring recommendations.(1) DISCUSSION: Initiation of siponimod treatment has been associated with transient atrioventricular (AV) conduction delays that follow a similar temporal pattern as the observed decrease in heart rate during dose titration. The AV conduction delays manifested in most of the cases as first-degree AV block (prolonged PR interval on ECG), which occurred in 5.1% of siponimod treated patients and in 1.9 % of patients receiving placebo in Study 1. Second-degree AV blocks, usually Mobitz type I (Wenckebach), have been observed at the time of treatment initiation with siponimod in less than 1.7% of patients in clinical trials. The conduction abnormalities typically were transient, asymptomatic, resolved within 24 hours, rarely required treatment with atropine, and did not require discontinuation of siponimod treatment.(1) |
MAYZENT |
| Crizotinib/Agents That Cause Bradycardia SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Crizotinib may cause symptomatic bradycardia. Additional agents that cause bradycardia further increase the risk for symptomatic bradycardia.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Bradycardia may be associated with an increase in the QTc interval, increasing the risk for torsade de pointes.(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The manufacturer of crizotinib recommends avoiding concurrent use of crizotinib and other agents known to cause bradycardia to the extent possible. If combination therapy is required, monitor heart rate and blood pressure regularly. If bradycardia occurs, withhold crizotinib until heart rate recovers to 60 bpm or above, or patient is asymptomatic. Re-evaluate the use of the concomitant medication. If the concomitant medication is discontinued or its dose is reduced, resume crizotinib at the previous dose upon patient's recovery. If the concomitant medication is not discontinued or dose adjusted, resume crizotinib at a reduced dose upon patient's recovery. If life-threatening bradycardia occurs, discontinue or reduce the dose of the concomitant medication. Upon the patient's recovery, lower the dose of crizotinib to 250 mg daily. Monitor blood pressure and heart rate frequently.(1) DISCUSSION: Across clinical trials, bradycardia occurred in 13 % of patients on crizotinib, and grade 3 syncope occurred in 2.4 % of patients on crizotinib compared with 0.6 % on chemotherapy.(1) Agents that may cause bradycardia and linked to this monograph include: beta-blockers, non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, clonidine, and digoxin.(1) |
XALKORI |
| Ponesimod/Agents That Cause Bradycardia SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Initiation of ponesimod has caused transient decreases in heart rate and atrioventricular conduction delays after the first dose. Decreases in heart rate start within the first hour and maximal decrease in heart rate was seen at approximately 2-4 hours. The first dose has also been associated with heart block. Additional agents that cause bradycardia further increase the risk for symptomatic bradycardia.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: The heart rate lowering effect of ponesimod is transient and is usually seen with the first dose. Bradycardia may be associated with an increase in the QTc interval, increasing the risk for torsade de pointes.(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Pre-existing cardiovascular disease (e.g. heart failure, ischemic heart disease, history of myocardial infarction, stroke, history of torsades de pointes, or heart block), severe untreated sleep apnea, a prolonged QTc interval prior to siponimod initiation, or factors associated with QTc prolongation (e.g. hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, bradycardia, female gender, or advanced age) may increase risk for cardiovascular toxicity due to siponimod.(2) Concurrent use of more than one drug known to cause QT prolongation or higher systemic concentrations of either QT prolonging drug are additional risk factors for torsades de pointes. Factors which may increase systemic drug concentrations include rapid infusion of an intravenous dose or impaired metabolism or elimination of the drug (e.g. coadministration with an agent which inhibits its metabolism or elimination, genetic impairment in drug metabolism or elimination, and/or renal/hepatic dysfunction).(2) PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The prescribing information states ponesimod treatment should generally not be initiated in patients who are on concurrent therapy with additional agents that cause bradycardia. If treatment with ponesimod is considered, advice from a cardiologist should be sought regarding switching to non-heart rate lowering drugs or monitoring during treatment initiation. Treatment initiation recommendations include: - Obtain an ECG in all patients to determine whether preexisting conduction abnormalities are present. - In all patients, a dose titration is recommended for initiation of ponesimod treatment to help reduce cardiac effects. - In patients with sinus bradycardia (HR less than 55 bpm), first- or second-degree [Mobitz type I] AV block, or a history of myocardial infarction or heart failure with onset > 6 months prior to initiation, ECG testing and first dose monitoring is recommended. - Since significant bradycardia may be poorly tolerated in patients with history of cardiac arrest, cerebrovascular disease, uncontrolled hypertension, or severe untreated sleep apnea, ponesimod is not recommended in these patients. If treatment is considered, advice from a cardiologist should be sought prior to initiation of treatment in order to determine the most appropriate monitoring strategy. - Use of ponesimod in patients with a history of recurrent syncope or symptomatic bradycardia should be based on an overall benefit-risk assessment. If treatment is considered, advice from a cardiologist should be sought prior to initiation of treatment in order to determine the most appropriate monitoring. - If a titration dose is missed or if 4 or more consecutive daily doses are missed during maintenance treatment, reinitiate Day 1 of the dose titration and follow titration monitoring recommendations.(1) DISCUSSION: Initiation of ponesimod treatment has been associated with transient atrioventricular (AV) conduction delays that follow a similar temporal pattern as the observed decrease in heart rate during dose titration. The AV conduction delays manifested in most of the cases as first-degree AV block (prolonged PR interval on ECG), which occurred in 3.4% of ponesimod treated patients and in 1.2% of patients receiving teriflunomide in Study 1. Second-degree or third-degree AV blocks have not been reported in patients in clinical trials. The conduction abnormalities typically were transient, asymptomatic, resolved within 24 hours, and did not require discontinuation of ponesimod treatment.(1) |
PONVORY |
| Etrasimod/Agents That Cause Bradycardia SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Initiation of etrasimod has caused transient decreases in heart rate and atrioventricular conduction delays after the first dose. The first dose has also been associated with heart block. Additional agents that cause bradycardia further increase the risk for symptomatic bradycardia.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: The heart rate lowering effect of etrasimod is transient and is usually seen with the first dose. Bradycardia may be associated with an increase in the QTc interval, increasing the risk for torsade de pointes.(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Pre-existing cardiovascular disease (e.g. heart failure, ischemic heart disease, history of myocardial infarction, stroke, history of torsades de pointes, or heart block), severe untreated sleep apnea, a prolonged QTc interval prior to etrasimod initiation, or factors associated with QTc prolongation (e.g. hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, bradycardia, female gender, or advanced age) may increase risk for cardiovascular toxicity due to etrasimod.(2) Concurrent use of more than one drug known to cause QT prolongation or higher systemic concentrations of either QT prolonging drug are additional risk factors for torsades de pointes. Factors which may increase systemic drug concentrations include rapid infusion of an intravenous dose or impaired metabolism or elimination of the drug (e.g. coadministration with an agent which inhibits its metabolism or elimination, genetic impairment in drug metabolism or elimination, and/or renal/hepatic dysfunction).(2) PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The prescribing information for etrasimod treatment states that advice from a cardiologist should be sought before initiating etrasimod treatment in patients currently taking additional agents that cause bradycardia or in patients with preexisting heart and cerebrovascular conditions, with resting heart rate of less than 50 bpm, history of symptomatic bradycardia, recurrent cardiogenic syncope, severe untreated sleep apnea, or history of Mobitz type 1 second-degree AV block (unless has functioning pacemaker).(1) Monitor blood pressure during treatment.(1) DISCUSSION: Initiation of etrasimod treatment has been associated with transient atrioventricular (AV) conduction delays. The AV conduction delays manifested as first or second degree AV block (prolonged PR interval on ECG), which occurred in 0.7% of etrasimod treated patients in UC-1 and in 0.8% of patients in UC-2 and UC-3 compared to 0% for placebo in all studies.(1) |
VELSIPITY |
| Digoxin/Belumosudil SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Belumosudil may increase the absorption of digoxin by inhibiting P-glycoprotein (P-gp).(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of belumosudil may result in elevated levels of and toxicity from digoxin.(1) Symptoms of digoxin toxicity can include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, headache, fatigue, malaise, drowsiness, generalized muscle weakness, disorientation, hallucinations, visual disturbances, and arrhythmias. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Low body weight, advanced age, impaired renal function, hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, and/or hypomagnesemia may increase the risk of digoxin toxicity. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Avoid coadministration of belumosudil with P-gp substrates such as digoxin. If coadministration cannot be avoided, monitor serum digoxin concentrations before initiating belumosudil. When the digoxin concentration is expected to be increased by greater than 50%, the manufacturer of digoxin recommends decreasing the dose of digoxin by approximately 15-30% or by modifying the dosing frequency to reduce digoxin concentrations. Continue monitoring and reduce digoxin dose as necessary.(2) DISCUSSION: Coadministration of belumosudil increased dabigatran (P-gp substrate) area-under-curve (AUC) and maximum concentration (Cmax) by 2-fold.(1) |
REZUROCK |
| Digoxin/Tepotinib SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Tepotinib may increase the absorption of digoxin by inhibiting P-glycoprotein (P-gp).(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of tepotinib may result in elevated levels of and toxicity from digoxin.(1) Symptoms of digoxin toxicity can include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, headache, fatigue, malaise, drowsiness, generalized muscle weakness, disorientation, hallucinations, visual disturbances, and arrhythmias. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Low body weight, advanced age, impaired renal function, hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, and/or hypomagnesemia may increase the risk of digoxin toxicity. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Avoid coadministration of tepotinib with P-gp substrates such as digoxin.(1) If coadministration cannot be avoided, monitor serum digoxin concentrations before initiating tepotinib. When the digoxin concentration is expected to be increased by greater than 50%, the manufacturer of digoxin recommends decreasing the dose of digoxin by approximately 15-30% or by modifying the dosing frequency to reduce digoxin concentrations. Continue monitoring and reduce digoxin dose as necessary.(2) DISCUSSION: Coadministration of tepotinib increased dabigatran (P-gp substrate) area-under-curve (AUC) and maximum concentration (Cmax) by 50% and 40%, respectively.(1) |
TEPMETKO |
There are 19 moderate interactions.
The clinician should assess the patient’s characteristics and take action as needed. Actions required for moderate interactions include, but are not limited to, discontinuing one or both agents, adjusting dosage, altering administration.
| Drug Interaction | Drug Names |
|---|---|
| Digitalis Glycosides/Kaluretics SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Potassium-losing diuretics may result in potassium depletion which can predispose patients to digitalis toxicity. CLINICAL EFFECTS: May observe increased arrhythmias, resulting from an increase in the cardiac response to digitalis. Symptoms of digoxin toxicity can include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, headache, fatigue, malaise, drowsiness, generalized muscle weakness, disorientation, hallucinations, visual disturbances, and arrhythmias. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Low body weight, advanced age, impaired renal function, hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, and/or hypomagnesemia may increase the risk of digoxin toxicity. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Monitor serum potassium status and give potassium replacements as needed. DISCUSSION: This interaction is well documented. Most patients taking diuretics do not develop significant potassium depletion if they are on low doses of diuretics and have adequate potassium intake. |
ACCURETIC, AMILORIDE-HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE, AMLODIPINE-VALSARTAN-HCTZ, ATACAND HCT, ATENOLOL-CHLORTHALIDONE, AVALIDE, BENAZEPRIL-HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE, BENICAR HCT, BISOPROLOL-HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE, BUMETANIDE, CANDESARTAN-HYDROCHLOROTHIAZID, CAPTOPRIL-HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE, CHLOROTHIAZIDE, CHLOROTHIAZIDE SODIUM, CHLORTHALIDONE, DIOVAN HCT, DIURIL, EDARBYCLOR, EDECRIN, ENALAPRIL-HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE, ETHACRYNATE SODIUM, ETHACRYNIC ACID, EXFORGE HCT, FOSINOPRIL-HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE, FUROSCIX, FUROSEMIDE, FUROSEMIDE-0.9% NACL, HEMICLOR, HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE, HYZAAR, INDAPAMIDE, INZIRQO, IRBESARTAN-HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE, LASIX, LISINOPRIL-HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE, LOSARTAN-HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE, LOTENSIN HCT, METHYLDOPA-HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE, METOLAZONE, METOPROLOL-HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE, MICARDIS HCT, OLMESARTAN-AMLODIPINE-HCTZ, OLMESARTAN-HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE, PROPRANOLOL-HYDROCHLOROTHIAZID, QUINAPRIL-HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE, SOAANZ, SPIRONOLACTONE-HCTZ, TELMISARTAN-HYDROCHLOROTHIAZID, TENORETIC 100, TENORETIC 50, THALITONE, TORSEMIDE, TRIAMTERENE-HYDROCHLOROTHIAZID, TRIBENZOR, TRICHLORMETHIAZIDE, VALSARTAN-HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE, VASERETIC, ZESTORETIC |
| Digitalis Glycosides/Rifamycins SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Rifamycins may inhibit the absorption of digitalis glycosides by inducing P-glycoprotein.(1-2) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent or recent use of rifamycins may result in decreased levels and effectiveness of digitalis glycosides. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Monitor digoxin levels if a rifamycin is initiated or discontinued. The dosage of digoxin may need to be increased by 20% to 40%.(2) DISCUSSION: In a study in 18 healthy volunteers, rifampin (300 mg BID for 7 days) decreased the maximum concentration (Cmax), 3-hour area-under-curve (AUC), and 24-hour AUC by 38.5%, 30.4%, and 24.6%, respectively.(1) Case reports also document decreased digoxin(3-5) and digitoxin(6-7) levels with rifampin. |
PRIFTIN, RIFABUTIN, RIFADIN, RIFAMPIN, TALICIA |
| Digoxin/Quinine SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Reduced clearance of digoxin and possible displacement of digoxin from its tissue binding sites. CLINICAL EFFECTS: May observe increased digoxin toxicity. Symptoms of digoxin toxicity can include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, headache, fatigue, malaise, drowsiness, generalized muscle weakness, disorientation, hallucinations, visual disturbances, and arrhythmias. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Low body weight, advanced age, impaired renal and/or hepatic function, hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, and/or hypomagnesemia may increase the risk of digoxin toxicity. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Monitor serum digoxin levels and observe the patient for signs and symptoms of digoxin toxicity. The dosage of digoxin may need to be decreased by 15-30% or the frequency of administration may be reduced.(6) Consider therapy with an agent which has not been shown to interact with digoxin. DISCUSSION: This interaction is well documented. Concomitant administration of digoxin and quinine resulted in a 33% increase in digoxin area-under-the-curve (AUC).(6) |
QUALAQUIN, QUININE HCL, QUININE SULFATE |
| Digoxin/Selected Calcium Channel Blockers SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Calcium channel blockers may inhibit the renal clearance of digoxin through an unknown mechanism. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Plasma digoxin concentrations may be elevated. In addition, the negative chronotropic effects of digoxin and bepridil are additive, resulting in a cumulative decrease in heart rate. Symptoms of digoxin toxicity can include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, headache, fatigue, malaise, drowsiness, generalized muscle weakness, disorientation, hallucinations, visual disturbances, and arrhythmias. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Low body weight, advanced age, impaired renal function, hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, and/or hypomagnesemia may increase the risk of digoxin toxicity. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: If concurrent therapy is warranted, monitor serum digoxin levels and observe the patient for symptoms of digoxin toxicity. Upon adding a calcium channel blocker, digoxin should first be decreased in anticipation of interaction, then adjust the dosage accordingly. The dosage of digoxin may need to be decreased by 15-50% or the frequency of administration may be reduced. DISCUSSION: The effect of bepridil on steady-state serum digoxin levels was studied in a randomized, double-blind investigation. Concurrent administration of bepridil and digoxin produced a 34% increase in serum digoxin levels compared to administration of digoxin alone. Concomitant administration of both drugs was associated with additive negative chronotropic effects. Information on the effects of diltiazem on digoxin concentrations are conflicting. Several studies have reported that concurrent use of digoxin and diltiazem led to an increased steady state digoxin level as well as an increased digoxin area-under-curve (AUC) and decreased renal clearance, and reduced volume of distribution. However, one of these studies reported no significant change in digoxin half-life, peak concentration (Cmax), time to Cmax (Tmax), or volume of distribution, and seven other studies reported no effect of diltiazem on serum digoxin concentrations or renal digoxin clearance. Concomitant isradipine administration significantly decreased (by 9%) the the digoxin volume of distribution and increased (by 25%) digoxin Cmax; however, the digoxin steady state serum concentration, AUC, and renal clearance were not affected. In patients with congestive heart failure on digoxin therapy, the addition of felodipine resulted in a significant increase in digoxin Cmax attained following oral administration. This increase was most notable in patients with high felodipine serum concentrations. Digoxin trough levels and six hour post-dose levels were unaffected; as were digoxin AUC measurements. There is one case report of an interaction between nifedipine and digoxin; however, a study in 28 patients found no effect of nifedipine on digoxin. A study in ten subjects showed that nisoldipine increased digoxin levels by 15%. Information on the effects of nicardipine on digoxin kinetics is conflicting. One study in twenty patients showed no effect of nicardipine on digoxin. One study in ten subjects showed a significant increase in digoxin levels: however, this was seen in only one subject. Concurrent nitrendipine has been shown to increase digoxin serum levels by 57% and digoxin AUC by 15%. Concurrent diltiazem has been shown to increase digoxin serum concentration by 20%. Concurrent nifedipine has been shown to increase digoxin serum concentration by 45%. |
CARDENE I.V., CARDIZEM, CARDIZEM CD, CARDIZEM LA, CARTIA XT, DILT-XR, DILTIAZEM 12HR ER, DILTIAZEM 24HR ER, DILTIAZEM 24HR ER (CD), DILTIAZEM 24HR ER (LA), DILTIAZEM 24HR ER (XR), DILTIAZEM HCL, DILTIAZEM HCL-0.7% NACL, DILTIAZEM HCL-0.9% NACL, DILTIAZEM HCL-NACL, DILTIAZEM-D5W, MATZIM LA, NICARDIPINE HCL, NICARDIPINE HCL-0.9% NACL, NIFEDIPINE, NIFEDIPINE ER, NIFEDIPINE MICRONIZED, PROCARDIA XL, TIADYLT ER, TIAZAC |
| Digoxin/Selected Antacids; Kaolin; Sucralfate SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: The aluminum or magnesium salts may bind digoxin in the gastrointestinal tract, preventing the absorption of digoxin. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent administration may result in decreased digoxin concentrations and possible decreased clinical effectiveness of digoxin. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Patients receiving concurrent therapy with digoxin and aluminum and/or magnesium hydroxide, magnesium trisilicate, or sucralfate should be monitored for signs of decreased effects of digoxin. Digoxin concentrations should be monitored. The administration of digoxin and aluminum and/or magnesium hydroxide or magnesium trisilicate should be separated by at least one to two hours. The administration of digoxin and sucralfate should be separated by at least two hours. The separation of administration times may not be effective in all patients. The dosage of digoxin may need to be increased by 20% to 40% or the antacid or sucralfate may need to be discontinued. Some vitamin preparations may contain sufficient quantities of magnesium salts with antacid properties to interact as well. DISCUSSION: Sucralfate was shown to decrease the mean digoxin area-under-curve (AUC) by 19% in a study in 12 healthy males. This difference was not seen when digoxin and sucralfate administration was separated by two hours.(1) In a case report, a patient developed intermittent pressure-like chest pain, shortness of breath, and a generalized feeling of fatigue during concurrent administration of digoxin and sucralfate, despite sucralfate administration being separated from digoxin administration by two hours.(2) The simultaneous administration of oral antacids containing magnesium trisilicate, magnesium hydroxide, and aluminum hydroxide or kaolin with digoxin tablets has been shown to decrease the gastrointestinal absorption of digoxin.(3-7) There is some evidence that digoxin capsules may not be affected;(5) however, additional information is needed. |
ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE, CARAFATE, KAOLIN, SUCRALFATE |
| Digoxin/Ibuprofen; Indomethacin SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: The exact mechanism of this interaction is unknown, but it may involve decreased digoxin renal excretion. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Increased levels of digoxin which may result in digoxin toxicity. Symptoms of digoxin toxicity can include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, headache, fatigue, malaise, drowsiness, generalized muscle weakness, hallucinations, visual disturbances, and arrhythmias. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Low body weight, advanced age, impaired renal function, hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, and/or hypomagnesemia may increase the risk of digoxin toxicity. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Digoxin levels should be monitored and patients should be monitored for signs of digoxin toxicity during concurrent therapy. The dosage of digoxin may need to be decreased by 15-30% or the frequency of administration may be reduced. DISCUSSION: Although the documentation for this interaction is conflicting, caution is warranted. One study in 12 patients reported that serum digoxin levels were significantly increased (mean 59%) after concurrent administration of ibuprofen (1600 to 1800 mg/day) for seven days. However, there was no significant difference in digoxin levels after 28 days of concomitant therapy. In another study in eight patients, there was no significant change in digoxin serum concentration during concurrent administration of ibuprofen. Indomethacin-induced digoxin toxicity in three premature infants has been reported in one study. In another study, administration of indomethacin to 11 preterm infants who received intravenous digoxin followed by oral maintenance doses of digoxin resulted in a significant increase of digoxin serum concentration by 40.6% with a significant decrease in urine output by 47.7%. The digoxin half-life increased 125.5%. This study recommended decreasing the digoxin dosage by 50% when indomethacin is added to digoxin therapy in preterm infants until further assessments of urine output and digoxin levels are obtained. There are two case reports of digoxin toxicity in neonates following the addition of indomethacin to therapy. Administration of indomethacin to ten patients maintained on digoxin resulted in a 39.7% increase in digoxin concentrations. In contrast, the concurrent administration of indomethacin and digoxin in six healthy adults did not result in a significant pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interaction. However, indomethacin did tend to elevate serum digoxin levels, strengthen the digoxin-induced decrease in ECG parameters and heart rate, and reduce the positive inotropic action of digoxin. In another study involving six healthy adults, the administration of indomethacin for three days followed by a single infusion of digoxin (750 mcg) did not affect any pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic parameters of digoxin. |
CALDOLOR, COMBOGESIC, COMBOGESIC IV, HYDROCODONE-IBUPROFEN, IBU, IBUPAK, IBUPROFEN, IBUPROFEN LYSINE, IBUPROFEN-FAMOTIDINE, INDOCIN, INDOMETHACIN, INDOMETHACIN ER, NEOPROFEN, TOXICOLOGY SALIVA COLLECTION |
| Digitalis Glycosides/Hydantoins SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Phenytoin may inhibit the absorption of the digitalis glycosides by inducing P-glycoprotein. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent or recent use of hydantoins may result in decreased levels of digitalis glycosides and possible decreased clinical effectiveness. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Digitalis glycoside levels should be monitored in patients receiving concurrent therapy or when concurrent therapy is discontinued. The dosage of digoxin may need to be increased by 20% to 40% when therapy is initiated. Hydantoins have been used to treat digitalis-induced arrhythmias. DISCUSSION: Two studies have documented that concurrent administration of phenytoin and digoxin result in decreased digoxin levels and half-life. With appropriate safeguards, phenytoin does appear to be a useful adjunct in the management of digitalis-induced supraventricular arrhythmias. |
CEREBYX, DILANTIN, DILANTIN-125, FOSPHENYTOIN SODIUM, PHENYTEK, PHENYTOIN, PHENYTOIN SODIUM, PHENYTOIN SODIUM EXTENDED |
| Digoxin/Penicillamine SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Unknown. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Serum digoxin concentrations may be decreased. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Monitor serum digoxin concentrations and observe the patient for a decrease in pharmacologic activity when concurrent treatment with penicillamine is started or stopped. Adjust the dose of digoxin accordingly. The dosage of digoxin may need to be increased by 20% to 40%. DISCUSSION: Penicillamine administration to adults or children has been shown to decrease serum concentrations. The decrease occurred whether digoxin was given orally or intravenously. |
CUPRIMINE, D-PENAMINE, DEPEN, PENICILLAMINE, PENICILLAMINE(D-) |
| Digoxin/Spironolactone SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Spironolactone may decrease the renal clearance of digoxin. Spironolactone may also interfere with some digoxin assays. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent spironolactone may result in elevated levels of and toxicity from digoxin. Symptoms of digoxin toxicity can include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, headache, fatigue, malaise, drowsiness, generalized muscle weakness, disorientation, hallucinations, visual disturbances, and arrhythmias. Spironolactone may also interfere with some digoxin assays, resulting in falsely elevated levels. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Low body weight, advanced age, impaired renal function, hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, and/or hypomagnesemia may increase the risk of digoxin toxicity. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Concurrent administration of spironolactone and digoxin should be closely monitored, and potassium and digoxin concentrations should be measured frequently. Patients should be monitored for changes in therapeutic effects. The dosage of digoxin may need to be decreased by 15-30% or the frequency of administration may be reduced.(8) DISCUSSION: Simultaneous administration of spironolactone and digoxin has been shown to decrease in digoxin's volume of distribution, plasma clearance, and renal clearance, with corresponding increases in the plasma digoxin concentration. Although the influence of spironolactone on digoxin's pharmacodynamic effects has not been as extensively evaluated as its pharmacokinetic effects, in two studies the inotropic action of digoxin was reduced during spironolactone administration as measured by preejection period index. However, one study reported that in patients for whom potassium depletion may lead to digoxin toxicity, a potassium-sparing diuretic may safely be used to reduce potassium excretion and thereby reduce the risk of arrhythmias. Spironolactone has been reported to interfere with some digoxin assays. Concomitant administration of spironolactone and digoxin increased the digoxin serum concentration 25%. (8) |
ALDACTONE, CAROSPIR, SPIRONOLACTONE, SPIRONOLACTONE-HCTZ |
| Digoxin/Conivaptan SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Conivaptan may inhibit the metabolism of digoxin via P-glycoprotein (P-gp).(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of conivaptan and digoxin may result in an increased concentration of digoxin, which may lead to increased clinical effects and toxicity. Symptoms of digoxin toxicity can include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, headache, fatigue, malaise, drowsiness, generalized muscle weakness, disorientation, hallucinations, visual disturbances, and arrhythmias.(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Low body weight, advanced age, impaired renal function, hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, and/or hypomagnesemia may increase the risk of digoxin toxicity. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Dosage of digoxin may need to be altered based on the individual patient response. Monitor for signs and symptoms of digoxin toxicity and adjust dose accordingly.(1) The manufacturer of digoxin recommends reducing digoxin concentrations by decreasing the dose by approximately 15-30% or by modifying the dosing frequency of digoxin.(2) DISCUSSION: Conivaptan is a P-gp inhibitor. Digoxin is a P-glycoprotein substrate. Coadministration of conivaptan (80 mg/day) and digoxin (0.5 mg) resulted in a 30% decrease in the clearance, 79% increase in the maximum concentration (Cmax), and a 43% increase in the area under the curve (AUC) of digoxin.(1) |
CONIVAPTAN-D5W, VAPRISOL-5% DEXTROSE |
| Digoxin/Ranolazine SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Ranolazine may increase the absorption of digoxin by inhibiting P-glycoprotein.(1,2) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent ranolazine may result in elevated levels of and toxicity from digoxin.(1,2) Symptoms of digoxin toxicity can include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, headache, fatigue, malaise, drowsiness, generalized muscle weakness, disorientation, hallucinations, visual disturbances, and arrhythmias. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Low body weight, advanced age, impaired renal function, hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, and/or hypomagnesemia may increase the risk of digoxin toxicity. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Monitor patients receiving concurrent therapy with digoxin and ranolazine. The dosage of digoxin may need to be adjusted by 30% to 50% or the frequency of administration may need to be reduced.(1-3) DISCUSSION: In healthy subjects, ranolazine (1000 mg twice daily) increased plasma levels of digoxin (0.125 mg daily) by 1.5-fold.(1,2) In healthy subjects, digoxin (0.125 mg daily) had no effect on ranolazine levels.(1) Concomitant administration of ranolazine with digoxin increased the digoxin serum concentration 50%.(3) |
ASPRUZYO SPRINKLE, RANOLAZINE ER |
| Selected HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/Digoxin SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: The exact mechanism is unknown, but may involve competitive inhibition of P-glycoproteins.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of digoxin and a HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor may result in rhabdomyolysis.(1) Concurrent use of atorvastatin(2) or simvastatin(3) may result in increased levels of digoxin. Symptoms of digoxin toxicity can include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, headache, fatigue, malaise, drowsiness, generalized muscle weakness, disorientation, hallucinations, visual disturbances, and arrhythmias. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Low body weight, advanced age, impaired renal function, hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, and/or hypomagnesemia may increase the risk of digoxin toxicity. The risk for myopathy or rhabdomyolysis may be greater in patients 65 years and older, inadequately treated hypothyroidism, renal impairment, carnitine deficiency, malignant hyperthermia, or in patients with a history of myopathy or rhabdomyolysis. Patients with a SLCO1B1 polymorphism that leads to decreased function of the hepatic uptake transporter OATP1B1 may have increased statin concentrations and be predisposed to myopathy or rhabdomyolysis. Patients on fluvastatin who are CYP2C9 intermediate or poor metabolizers may have increased fluvastatin concentrations and risk of myopathy. Patients on rosuvastatin with ABCG2 polymorphisms leading to decreased or poor BCRP transporter function may have increased rosuvastatin concentrations and risk of myopathy. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Patients receiving concurrent therapy with digoxin and a HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor should be closely monitored for rhabdomyolysis and instructed to report any symptoms of myopathy.(1) Patients receiving concurrent atorvastatin(2) or simvastatin(3) should be monitored for elevated digoxin levels and instructed to report any symptoms of digoxin toxicity. The dosage of digoxin may need to be decreased by 15-30% or the frequency of administration may be reduced.(4) DISCUSSION: A retrospective review examined all reports of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor-induced rhabdomyolysis submitted to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) between November, 1997 and March, 2000. There were 601 unique cases of rhabdomyolysis, with 26 cases involving concurrent use of digoxin. There were 5 reports involving concurrent atorvastatin/digoxin, 7 reports with cerivastatin/digoxin, 1 report with fluvastatin/digoxin, 2 with lovastatin/digoxin, 2 with pravastatin/digoxin, and 9 with simvastatin/digoxin.(5) Concurrent use of atorvastatin (80 mg daily for 14 days) with digoxin (0.25mg daily for 20 days) increased digoxin maximum concentration (Cmax) and area-under-curve (AUC) by 20% and 15%, respectively.(2) In a study in 18 subjects, concurrent fluvastatin had no effect on digoxin AUC but digoxin Cmax increased 11%.(6) Concurrent use of lovastatin had no effect on digoxin levels.(7) In a study in 18 subjects, concurrent pravastatin had no effect on digoxin levels.(8) Concurrent use of rosuvastatin had no effect on digoxin levels.(9) Concurrent simvastatin slightly increased the concentration of a single dose of digoxin by less than 0.3 ng/ml.(3) |
ALTOPREV, AMLODIPINE-ATORVASTATIN, ATORVALIQ, ATORVASTATIN CALCIUM, CADUET, CRESTOR, EZALLOR SPRINKLE, EZETIMIBE-SIMVASTATIN, FLOLIPID, FLUVASTATIN ER, FLUVASTATIN SODIUM, LESCOL XL, LIPITOR, LOVASTATIN, PRAVASTATIN SODIUM, ROSUVASTATIN CALCIUM, ROSUVASTATIN-EZETIMIBE, ROSZET, SIMVASTATIN, VYTORIN, ZOCOR |
| Digoxin/Lapatinib SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Lapatinib may increase the absorption of digoxin by inhibiting P-glycoprotein (P-gp).(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of lapatinib may result in elevated levels of and toxicity from digoxin.(1) Symptoms of digoxin toxicity can include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, headache, fatigue, malaise, drowsiness, generalized muscle weakness, disorientation, hallucinations, visual disturbances, and arrhythmias. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Low body weight, advanced age, impaired renal function, hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, and/or hypomagnesemia may increase the risk of digoxin toxicity. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Monitor digoxin concentrations before and during the administration of lapatinib. If digoxin serum concentration is greater than 1.2 ng/ml, reduce the dosage of digoxin by one-half during concurrent therapy.(1) The manufacturer of digoxin recommends decreasing the dose of digoxin by approximately 30-50% or by modifying the dosing frequency to reduce digoxin concentrations.(2) DISCUSSION: Concurrent lapatinib increased the area-under-curve (AUC) of oral digoxin by 2.8-fold.(1) Concurrent lapatinib administration increased digoxin AUC 180%. (2) |
LAPATINIB, TYKERB |
| Digoxin/Boceprevir; Ritonavir; Telaprevir SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Boceprevir(1), ritonavir, and telaprevir(2) inhibit the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) system, which may increase digoxin levels. CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of boceprevir, ritonavir, or telaprevir may result in elevated levels and toxicity from digoxin. Symptoms of digoxin toxicity can include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, headache, fatigue, malaise, drowsiness, generalized muscle weakness, disorientation, hallucinations, visual disturbances, and arrhythmias. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Low body weight, advanced age, impaired renal function, hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, and/or hypomagnesemia may increase the risk of digoxin toxicity. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: When initiating digoxin in patients maintained on boceprevir, ritonavir, or telaprevir, use the lowest dose possible.(1,2) Monitor patients receiving concurrent therapy for elevated digoxin levels and adjust the dose accordingly.(1,2) The manufacturer of digoxin states to reduce digoxin concentrations by decreasing dose by approximately 30-50% or by modifying the dosing frequency.(3) DISCUSSION: In a study in healthy subjects, boceprevir (800 mg TID for 61 days) increased the maximum concentration (Cmax) and area-under-curve (AUC) of a single dose of digoxin (0.25 mg) by 18% and 19%, respectively.(1) In a study of 12 healthy subjects, ritonavir (200 mg twice daily for 14 days) increased the AUC of digoxin (0.4 mg orally) by 29%.(4) In another study of 12 healthy subjects, ritonavir (300 mg twice daily for 11 days) increased the AUC of digoxin (0.5 mg IV) by 86%.(3-5) In a study in healthy subjects, telaprevir (750 mg every 8 hours for 11 days) increased the Cmax and AUC of a single dose of digoxin (2 mg) by 50% and 85%, respectively.(2,6) |
KALETRA, LOPINAVIR-RITONAVIR, NORVIR, PAXLOVID, RITONAVIR |
| Digoxin/Isavuconazonium SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Isavuconazonium inhibits the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) system, which may increase digoxin levels.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of isavuconazonium may result in elevated levels and toxicity from digoxin.(1) Symptoms of digoxin toxicity can include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, headache, fatigue, malaise, drowsiness, generalized muscle weakness, disorientation, hallucinations, visual disturbances, and arrhythmias. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Low body weight, advanced age, impaired renal function, hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, and/or hypomagnesemia may increase the risk of digoxin toxicity. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Monitor digoxin levels when initiating and discontinuing isavuconazonium. The dosage of digoxin may need to be adjusted.(1) Instruct patients to report symptoms of digoxin toxicity such as anorexia, nausea, vomiting, headache, fatigue, malaise, drowsiness, generalized muscle weakness, disorientation, hallucinations, visual disturbances, and arrhythmias. DISCUSSION: Isavuconazonium increased the maximum concentration (Cmax) and area-under-curve (AUC) of digoxin (0.5 mg) by approximately 1.25-fold.(1) |
CRESEMBA |
| Digoxin/Flibanserin SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Flibanserin may increase the absorption of digoxin by inhibiting P-glycoprotein.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent flibanserin may result in elevated levels of and toxicity from digoxin.(1) Symptoms of digoxin toxicity can include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, headache, fatigue, malaise, drowsiness, generalized muscle weakness, disorientation, hallucinations, visual disturbances, and arrhythmias. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Low body weight, advanced age, impaired renal function, hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, and/or hypomagnesemia may increase the risk of digoxin toxicity. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Closely monitor digoxin concentration and adjust dose as required to assure levels are in the therapeutic range.(1) Counsel patients receiving concurrent therapy to assure they get digoxin levels checked and are aware of symptoms of digoxin toxicity, including anorexia, nausea, vomiting, headache, fatigue, malaise, drowsiness, generalized muscle weakness, disorientation, hallucinations, visual disturbances, and arrhythmias. DISCUSSION: In a study in 24 healthy men and women, administration of flibanserin 100 mg daily for 5 days followed by a single dose of digoxin, increased digoxin AUC by 2.0-fold and Cmax by 1.5-fold compared to digoxin alone.(1) |
ADDYI, FLIBANSERIN |
| Digoxin/Mirabegron SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Mirabegron may inhibit the metabolism of digoxin via P-glycoprotein.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of mirabegron and digoxin may result in an increased concentration of digoxin, which may lead to increased clinical effects and toxicity. Symptoms of digoxin toxicity can include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, headache, fatigue, malaise, drowsiness, generalized muscle weakness, disorientation, hallucinations, visual disturbances, and arrhythmias. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Low body weight, advanced age, impaired renal function, hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, and/or hypomagnesemia may increase the risk of digoxin toxicity. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Dosage of digoxin may need to be altered based on the individual patient response. Monitor for signs and symptoms of digoxin toxicity and adjust dose accordingly. The manufacturer of mirabegron recommends initiating the lowest dose of digoxin in combination with mirabegron.(1) The manufacturer of digoxin recommends reducing digoxin concentrations by decreasing the dose by approximately 15-30% or by modifying the dosing frequency of digoxin. Monitor serum digoxin concentrations before initiation of mirabegron and monitor levels closely during concurrent therapy.(2) DISCUSSION: When given in combination, 100 mg mirabegron increased digoxin maximum concentration (Cmax) by 29% and area-under curve (AUC) by 27%.(1) |
MIRABEGRON ER, MYRBETRIQ |
| Digoxin/Mavorixafor SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Mavorixafor may increase the absorption of digoxin by inhibiting P-glycoprotein (P-gp).(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of mavorixafor may result in elevated levels of and toxicity from digoxin.(1) Symptoms of digoxin toxicity can include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, headache, fatigue, malaise, drowsiness, generalized muscle weakness, disorientation, hallucinations, visual disturbances, and arrhythmias. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Low body weight, advanced age, impaired renal function, hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, and/or hypomagnesemia may increase the risk of digoxin toxicity. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The manufacturer of mavorixafor recommends monitoring digoxin concentrations before initiation of mavorixafor. Monitor digoxin concentrations during concurrent use with mavorixafor as recommended by the digoxin labeling.(1) The manufacturer of digoxin recommends decreasing the dose of digoxin by approximately 15-30% or by modifying the dosing frequency to reduce digoxin concentrations.(2) DISCUSSION: In a study in healthy subjects, concomitant use of a single oral dose of 0.25 mg of digoxin with mavorixafor dosed to steady state (400 mg/day) increased the digoxin maximum concentration (Cmax) by 1.5-fold and the area-under-curve (AUC) by 1.6-fold.(1) |
XOLREMDI |
| Digoxin/Pacritinib SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Pacritinib may increase the absorption of digoxin by inhibiting P-glycoprotein (P-gp).(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of Pacritinib may result in elevated levels of and toxicity from digoxin.(1) Symptoms of digoxin toxicity can include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, headache, fatigue, malaise, drowsiness, generalized muscle weakness, disorientation, hallucinations, visual disturbances, and arrhythmias. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Low body weight, advanced age, impaired renal function, hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, and/or hypomagnesemia may increase the risk of digoxin toxicity. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Monitor digoxin concentrations before initiating concomitant use with pacritinib and continue monitoring serum digoxin concentrations as recommended in the prescribing information for digoxin.(1-2) The manufacturer of digoxin recommends decreasing the dose of digoxin by approximately 15-30% or by modifying the dosing frequency to reduce digoxin concentrations.(2) DISCUSSION: Pacritinib (200 mg twice daily at steady state) increased maximum concentration (Cmax) and are-under-curve (AUC) of a single dose of digoxin (0.25 mg) by 29% and 15%, respectively.(1) |
VONJO |
The following contraindication information is available for LANOXIN PEDIATRIC (digoxin):
Drug contraindication overview.
No enhanced Contraindications information available for this drug.
No enhanced Contraindications information available for this drug.
There are 1 contraindications.
Absolute contraindication.
| Contraindication List |
|---|
| Ventricular fibrillation |
There are 21 severe contraindications.
Adequate patient monitoring is recommended for safer drug use.
| Severe List |
|---|
| Acute myocardial infarction |
| Amyloid heart muscle disease |
| Atrioventricular block |
| Chronic kidney disease stage 2 (mild) GFR 60-89 ml/min |
| Chronic kidney disease stage 3A (moderate) GFR 45-59 ml/min |
| Chronic kidney disease stage 3B (moderate) GFR 30-44 ml/min |
| Chronic kidney disease stage 4 (severe) GFR 15-29 ml/min |
| Chronic kidney disease stage 5 (failure) GFr<15 ml/min |
| Constrictive pericarditis |
| Cor pulmonale |
| Digitalis toxicity |
| Hypercalcemia |
| Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy |
| Hypokalemia |
| Hypomagnesemia |
| Kidney disease with likely reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFr) |
| Myocarditis |
| Restrictive cardiomyopathy |
| Sick sinus syndrome |
| Sinus bradycardia |
| Wolff-parkinson-white pattern |
There are 1 moderate contraindications.
Clinically significant contraindication, where the condition can be managed or treated before the drug may be given safely.
| Moderate List |
|---|
| Myxedema |
The following adverse reaction information is available for LANOXIN PEDIATRIC (digoxin):
Adverse reaction overview.
No enhanced Common Adverse Effects information available for this drug.
No enhanced Common Adverse Effects information available for this drug.
There are 17 severe adverse reactions.
| More Frequent | Less Frequent |
|---|---|
| None. |
Sinus bradycardia |
| Rare/Very Rare |
|---|
|
Abnormal ECG Allergic dermatitis Anorexia Atrioventricular block Delirium Diarrhea Digitalis toxicity Heart block Intestinal ischemic necrosis Skin rash Tachyarrhythmia Thrombocytopenic disorder Ventricular fibrillation Ventricular premature beats Ventricular tachycardia Visual halos |
There are 16 less severe adverse reactions.
| More Frequent | Less Frequent |
|---|---|
|
Gynecomastia |
Nausea |
| Rare/Very Rare |
|---|
|
Accidental fall Acute abdominal pain Acute cognitive impairment Anticholinergic toxicity Blurred vision Depression Dizziness General weakness Hallucinations Headache disorder Indifference Maculopapular rash Symptoms of anxiety Vomiting |
The following precautions are available for LANOXIN PEDIATRIC (digoxin):
No enhanced Pediatric Use information available for this drug.
Contraindicated
Severe Precaution
Management or Monitoring Precaution
Contraindicated
| None |
Severe Precaution
| None |
Management or Monitoring Precaution
| None |
Available data from retrospective clinical studies and case reports have not identified a drug-associated risk of major birth defects, miscarriage, or adverse maternal and fetal effects with digoxin. However, the underlying maternal condition (e.g., heart failure, atrial fibrillation) may increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes during digoxin therapy. Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with the drug.
Dosage requirements for digoxin may increase during pregnancy and decrease during the postpartum period; serum digoxin concentrations should be monitored. Because digoxin crosses the placenta and is found in amniotic fluid, neonates should be monitored for signs and symptoms of digoxin toxicity (e.g., vomiting, cardiac arrhythmias).
Dosage requirements for digoxin may increase during pregnancy and decrease during the postpartum period; serum digoxin concentrations should be monitored. Because digoxin crosses the placenta and is found in amniotic fluid, neonates should be monitored for signs and symptoms of digoxin toxicity (e.g., vomiting, cardiac arrhythmias).
Although digoxin is distributed into milk, the quantities present are unlikely to be clinically important. The effects of digoxin on the breast-fed infant or on milk production are not known.
No enhanced Geriatric Use information available for this drug.
The following prioritized warning is available for LANOXIN PEDIATRIC (digoxin):
No warning message for this drug.
No warning message for this drug.
The following icd codes are available for LANOXIN PEDIATRIC (digoxin)'s list of indications:
| Chronic heart failure | |
| I50.22 | Chronic systolic (congestive) heart failure |
| I50.32 | Chronic diastolic (congestive) heart failure |
| I50.42 | Chronic combined systolic (congestive) and diastolic (congestive) heart failure |
| I50.812 | Chronic right heart failure |
| I50.814 | Right heart failure due to left heart failure |
| Ventricular rate control in atrial fibrillation | |
| I48.0 | Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation |
| I48.1 | Persistent atrial fibrillation |
| I48.11 | Longstanding persistent atrial fibrillation |
| I48.2 | Chronic atrial fibrillation |
| I48.20 | Chronic atrial fibrillation, unspecified |
| I48.21 | Permanent atrial fibrillation |
| I48.91 | Unspecified atrial fibrillation |
Formulary Reference Tool