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Drug overview for GLYCOPYRROLATE (glycopyrrolate):
Generic name: GLYCOPYRROLATE
Drug class: Glycopyrrolate
Therapeutic class: Gastrointestinal Therapy Agents
Glycopyrrolate is a synthetic quaternary ammonium antimuscarinic.
No enhanced Uses information available for this drug.
Generic name: GLYCOPYRROLATE
Drug class: Glycopyrrolate
Therapeutic class: Gastrointestinal Therapy Agents
Glycopyrrolate is a synthetic quaternary ammonium antimuscarinic.
No enhanced Uses information available for this drug.
DRUG IMAGES
GLYCOPYRROLATE 0.2 MG/ML VIAL
The following indications for GLYCOPYRROLATE (glycopyrrolate) have been approved by the FDA:
Indications:
Adjunct therapy for peptic ulcer disease
General anesthesia adjunct
Vagal reflex bradycardia
Professional Synonyms:
Adjunct general anesthesia
Adjunct therapy for PUD
Peptic ulcer disease adjunct
Indications:
Adjunct therapy for peptic ulcer disease
General anesthesia adjunct
Vagal reflex bradycardia
Professional Synonyms:
Adjunct general anesthesia
Adjunct therapy for PUD
Peptic ulcer disease adjunct
The following dosing information is available for GLYCOPYRROLATE (glycopyrrolate):
Each capsule of glycopyrrolate oral inhalation powder (Seebri(R) Neohaler(R)) contains 15.6 mcg of glycopyrrolate. However, the actual amount of drug delivered to the lungs depends on factors such as the patient's inspiratory flow rate and inspiratory time.
Under standardized in vitro testing at a fixed flow rate of 90 L/minute for 1.3 seconds, the Neohaler(R) device delivered 13.1 mcg from the 15.6-mcg
capsule (equivalent to 12.5 mcg of glycopyrronium) from the mouthpiece.
Each capsule of glycopyrrolate/indacaterol oral inhalation powder (Utibron(R) Neohaler(R)) contains 15.6 mcg of glycopyrrolate and 27.5 mcg of indacaterol.
However, the actual amount of drug delivered to the lungs depends on factors such as the patient's inspiratory flow rate and inspiratory time. Under standardized in vitro testing at a fixed flow rate of 90 L/minute for 1.3 seconds, the Neohaler(R) device delivered 12.8
mcg of glycopyrrolate (equivalent to 12.5 mcg of glycopyrronium) and 20.8 mcg of indacaterol from the mouthpiece.
Each single-dose vial of glycopyrrolate oral inhalation solution (Lonhala(R) Magnair(R)) contains 25 mcg of glycopyrrolate in 1 mL of solution. However, the actual amount of drug delivered to the lungs depends on patient factors. Under standardized in vitro testing, the Magnair(R) device delivered approximately 14.2
mcg of glycopyrrolate (equivalent to 11.4 mcg of glycopyrronium) from the mouthpiece.
After priming of the oral aerosol inhaler containing glycopyrrolate/formoterol, each actuation of the oral aerosol inhaler (Bevespi(R) Aerosphere(R)) delivers 10.4 mcg of glycopyrrolate (equivalent to 8.3 mcg of glycopyrronium) and 5.5 mcg of formoterol fumarate from the valve.
Dosage is expressed in terms of drug delivered from the mouthpiece; each actuation of the inhaler delivers 9 mcg of glycopyrrolate (equivalent to 7.2 mcg of glycopyrronium) and 4.8 mcg of formoterol fumarate from the mouthpiece. The actual amount of drug delivered to the lungs depends on factors such as the patient's coordination between actuation of the device and inspiration through the delivery system.
Commercially available glycopyrrolate/formoterol aerosol inhaler delivers 28 or 120 metered sprays per 5.9- or 10.7-g canister, respectively.
Under standardized in vitro testing at a fixed flow rate of 90 L/minute for 1.3 seconds, the Neohaler(R) device delivered 13.1 mcg from the 15.6-mcg
capsule (equivalent to 12.5 mcg of glycopyrronium) from the mouthpiece.
Each capsule of glycopyrrolate/indacaterol oral inhalation powder (Utibron(R) Neohaler(R)) contains 15.6 mcg of glycopyrrolate and 27.5 mcg of indacaterol.
However, the actual amount of drug delivered to the lungs depends on factors such as the patient's inspiratory flow rate and inspiratory time. Under standardized in vitro testing at a fixed flow rate of 90 L/minute for 1.3 seconds, the Neohaler(R) device delivered 12.8
mcg of glycopyrrolate (equivalent to 12.5 mcg of glycopyrronium) and 20.8 mcg of indacaterol from the mouthpiece.
Each single-dose vial of glycopyrrolate oral inhalation solution (Lonhala(R) Magnair(R)) contains 25 mcg of glycopyrrolate in 1 mL of solution. However, the actual amount of drug delivered to the lungs depends on patient factors. Under standardized in vitro testing, the Magnair(R) device delivered approximately 14.2
mcg of glycopyrrolate (equivalent to 11.4 mcg of glycopyrronium) from the mouthpiece.
After priming of the oral aerosol inhaler containing glycopyrrolate/formoterol, each actuation of the oral aerosol inhaler (Bevespi(R) Aerosphere(R)) delivers 10.4 mcg of glycopyrrolate (equivalent to 8.3 mcg of glycopyrronium) and 5.5 mcg of formoterol fumarate from the valve.
Dosage is expressed in terms of drug delivered from the mouthpiece; each actuation of the inhaler delivers 9 mcg of glycopyrrolate (equivalent to 7.2 mcg of glycopyrronium) and 4.8 mcg of formoterol fumarate from the mouthpiece. The actual amount of drug delivered to the lungs depends on factors such as the patient's coordination between actuation of the device and inspiration through the delivery system.
Commercially available glycopyrrolate/formoterol aerosol inhaler delivers 28 or 120 metered sprays per 5.9- or 10.7-g canister, respectively.
Glycopyrrolate is administered orally, IM, IV, or by oral inhalation.
No dosing information available.
No generic dosing information available.
The following drug interaction information is available for GLYCOPYRROLATE (glycopyrrolate):
There are 0 contraindications.
There are 3 severe interactions.
These drug interactions can produce serious consequences in most patients. Actions required for severe interactions include, but are not limited to, discontinuing one or both agents, adjusting dosage, altering administration scheduling, and providing additional patient monitoring. Review the full interaction monograph for more information.
| Drug Interaction | Drug Names |
|---|---|
| Clozapine/Anticholinergics SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Clozapine has potent anticholinergic properties and inhibits serotonin receptors, including 5-HT3.(1-4) Both of these properties may cause inhibition of gastrointestinal (GI) smooth muscle contraction, resulting in decreased peristalsis.(3,4) These effects may be compounded by concurrent use of anticholinergic agents.(1-6) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of clozapine with other anticholinergic agents may increase the risk of constipation (common) and serious bowel complications (uncommon), including complete bowel obstruction, fecal impaction, paralytic ileus and intestinal ischemia or infarction.(1-6) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: The risk for serious bowel complications is higher with increasing age, higher frequency of constipation, and in patients on higher doses of clozapine or multiple anticholinergic agents.(1,5) PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Avoid the use of other anticholinergic agents with clozapine.(1-6) If concurrent use is necessary, evaluate the patient's bowel function regularly. Monitor for symptoms of constipation and GI hypomotility, including having bowel movements less than three times weekly or less than usual, difficulty having a bowel movement or passing gas, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain or distention.(2) Consider a prophylactic laxative in those with a history of constipation or bowel obstruction.(2) Review patient medication list for other anticholinergic agents. When possible, decrease the dosage or number of prescribed anticholinergic agents, particularly in the elderly. Counsel the patient about the importance of maintaining adequate hydration. Encourage regular exercise and eating a high-fiber diet.(2) DISCUSSION: In a prospective cohort study of 26,720 schizophrenic patients in the Danish Central Psychiatric Research Registry, the odds ratio (OR) for ileus was 1.99 with clozapine and 1.48 with anticholinergics. The OR for fatal ileus was 6.73 with clozapine and 5.88 with anticholinergics. Use of anticholinergics with 1st generation antipsychotics (FGA) increased the risk of ileus compare to FGA alone, but this analysis was not done with clozapine.(5) A retrospective cohort study of 24,970 schizophrenic patients from the Taiwanese National Health Insurance Research Database found that the hazard ratio (HR) for clozapine-induced constipation increased from 1.64 when clozapine is used alone, to 2.15 when used concomitantly with anticholinergics. However, there was no significant difference in the HR for ileus when clozapine is used with and without anticholinergics (1.95 and 2.02, respectively).(6) In the French Pharmacovigilance Database, 7 of 38 cases of antipsychotic-associated ischemic colitis or intestinal necrosis involved clozapine, and 5 of these cases involved use of concomitant anticholinergic agents. Three patients died, one of whom was on concomitant anticholinergics.(3) In a case series, 4 of 9 cases of fatal clozapine-associated GI dysfunction involved concurrent anticholinergic agents.(4) |
CLOZAPINE, CLOZAPINE ODT, CLOZARIL, VERSACLOZ |
| Eluxadoline/Anticholinergics; Opioids SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Eluxadoline is a mixed mu-opioid and kappa-opioid agonist and delta-opioid antagonist and may alter or slow down gastrointestinal transit.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Constipation related adverse events that sometimes required hospitalization have been reported, including the development of intestinal obstruction, intestinal perforation, and fecal impaction.(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Avoid use with other drugs that may cause constipation. If concurrent use is necessary, evaluate the patient's bowel function regularly. Monitor for symptoms of constipation and GI hypomotility, including having bowel movements less than three times weekly or less than usual, difficulty having a bowel movement or passing gas, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain or distention.(1) Instruct patients to stop eluxadoline and immediately contact their healthcare provider if they experience severe constipation. Loperamide may be used occasionally for acute management of severe diarrhea, but must be discontinued if constipation develops.(1) DISCUSSION: In phase 3 clinical trials, constipation was the most commonly reported adverse reaction (8%). Approximately 50% of constipation events occurred within the first 2 weeks of treatment while the majority occurred within the first 3 months of therapy. Rates of severe constipation were less than 1% in patients receiving eluxadoline doses of 75 mg and 100 mg.(1) |
VIBERZI |
| Glucagon (Diagnostic)/Anticholinergics SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Glucagon and anticholinergic agents may have additive effects on inhibition of gastrointestinal motility.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of glucagon with anticholinergic agents may increase the risk of gastrointestinal hypomotility, including constipation and bowel complications.(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Concurrent use of glucagon as a diagnotic aid is not recommended with the use of anticholinergic agents.(1) If concurrent use is necessary, evaluate the patient's bowel function. Monitor for symptoms of constipation and gastrointestinal hypomotility. DISCUSSION: Both glucagon and anticholinergic agents may have additive effects on inhibition of gastrointestinal motility and increase the risk of gastrointestinal adverse effects.(1) |
GLUCAGON HCL |
There are 4 moderate interactions.
The clinician should assess the patient’s characteristics and take action as needed. Actions required for moderate interactions include, but are not limited to, discontinuing one or both agents, adjusting dosage, altering administration.
| Drug Interaction | Drug Names |
|---|---|
| Select Antipsychotics;Select Phenothiazines/Anticholinergics SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Multiple mechanisms may be involved: 1. additive peripheral and CNS blockade of muscarinic receptors. 2. anticholinergic-induced inhibition of gastrointestinal absorption of phenothiazines. 3. antagonism of the dopamine blocking effects of selected antipsychotics and phenothiazines. CLINICAL EFFECTS: The dopamine blocking effects of selected antipsychotic agents or phenothiazines may be decreased while anticholinergic adverse effects may be increased. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: The risk for severe anticholinergic toxicities, e.g. delirium, hyperthermia, paralytic ileus is increased in the elderly and in patients on multiple anticholinergic agents. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Anticholinergic agents may be required to treat or prevent antipsychotic induced extrapyramidal symptoms. When other indications lead to co-prescribing of the combination, assess patient response to the combination. Review patient medication list for other anticholinergic agents. When needed, decrease the dosage or number of prescribed anticholinergic agents, particularly in the elderly. DISCUSSION: Although numerous studies have been published regarding a possible interaction between phenothiazines and anticholinergics, the earlier reports were not double-blind or placebo controlled and patients may have received other drugs concomitantly. These earlier investigations reported increased side effects as well as increased, decreased and no effect on the therapeutic outcome. Double-blind studies have also reported conflicting results. Anticholinergic therapy varied from having no effect on phenothiazine concentration or patient outcome, to increasing phenothiazine levels. The discrepancies reported may be due to interpatient variability including age of the patient, type and duration of illness and treatment setting. |
ADASUVE, CHLORPROMAZINE HCL, LOXAPINE, PERPHENAZINE, PERPHENAZINE-AMITRIPTYLINE, PHENERGAN, PROMETHAZINE HCL, PROMETHAZINE HCL-0.9% NACL, PROMETHAZINE VC, PROMETHAZINE-CODEINE, PROMETHAZINE-DM, PROMETHAZINE-PHENYLEPHRINE HCL, PROMETHEGAN, THIORIDAZINE HCL, THIORIDAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE, TRIFLUOPERAZINE HCL |
| Methacholine/Beta-Agonists; Anticholinergics; Theophylline SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Beta-agonists, anticholinergics, and theophylline may inhibit the action of methacholine on the airway.(1) CLINICAL EFFECTS: The result of the methacholine challenge test may not be accurate.(1) PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined. PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The following drugs should be held before a methacholine challenge for the the duration indicated:(1) - short-acting beta-agonists: 6 hours - long-acting beta-agonists: 36 hours - short-acting anti-cholinergics: 12 hours - long-acting anti-cholinergics: at least 168 hours (7 days) - oral theophylline: 12-48 hours DISCUSSION: Beta-agonists, anticholinergics, and theophylline may inhibit the action of methacholine on the airway and cause inaccurate test results. |
METHACHOLINE CHLORIDE, PROVOCHOLINE |
| Zonisamide/Anticholinergics SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Zonisamide can cause decreased sweating and elevated body temperature. Agents with anticholinergic activity can predispose patients to heat-related disorders.(1-2) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of zonisamide with agents with anticholinergic activity may increase the incidence of oligohidrosis and hyperthermia, especially in pediatric or adolescent patients.(1-2) Overheating and dehydration can lead to brain damage and death. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Pediatric and adolescent patients and patients with dehydration may be more likely to experience heat-related disorders.(1) PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The UK and US manufacturers of zonisamide state that caution should be used in adults when zonisamide is prescribed with other medicinal products that predispose to heat-related disorders, such as agents with anticholinergic activity.(1-2) Pediatric and adolescent patients must not take anticholinergic agents (e.g. clomipramine, hydroxyzine, diphenhydramine, haloperidol, imipramine, and oxybutynin) concurrently with zonisamide.(1) Monitor for signs and symptoms of heat stroke: skin feels very hot with little or no sweating, confusion, muscle cramps, rapid heartbeat, or rapid breathing. Monitor for signs and symptoms of dehydration: dry mouth, urinating less than usual, dark-colored urine, dry skin, feeling tired, dizziness, or irritability. If signs or symptoms of dehydration, oligohidrosis, or elevated body temperature occur, discontinuation of zonisamide should be considered. DISCUSSION: Case reports of decreased sweating and elevated temperature have been reported, especially in pediatric patients. Some cases resulted in heat stroke that required hospital treatment and resulted in death.(1) |
ZONEGRAN, ZONISADE, ZONISAMIDE |
| Topiramate/Anticholinergics SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed. MECHANISM OF ACTION: Topiramate can cause decreased sweating and elevated body temperature. Agents with anticholinergic activity can predispose patients to heat-related disorders.(1-2) CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of topiramate with agents with anticholinergic activity may increase the incidence of oligohidrosis and hyperthermia, especially in pediatric or adolescent patients.(1-2) Overheating and dehydration can lead to brain damage and death. PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Pediatric and adolescent patients and patients with dehydration may be more likely to experience heat-related disorders.(1) PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The manufacturer of topiramate states that caution should be used when topiramate is prescribed with other medicinal products that predispose to heat-related disorders, such as agents with anticholinergic activity (e.g. clomipramine, hydroxyzine, diphenhydramine, haloperidol, imipramine, and oxybutynin) concurrently with zonisamide.(1) Monitor for signs and symptoms of heat stroke: skin feels very hot with little or no sweating, confusion, muscle cramps, rapid heartbeat, or rapid breathing. Monitor for signs and symptoms of dehydration: dry mouth, urinating less than usual, dark-colored urine, dry skin, feeling tired, dizziness, or irritability. If signs or symptoms of dehydration, oligohidrosis, or elevated body temperature occur, discontinuation of zonisamide should be considered. DISCUSSION: Case reports of decreased sweating and elevated temperature have been reported, especially in pediatric patients. Some cases resulted in heat stroke that required hospital treatment.(1) A 64-year old woman developed non-exertional hyperthemia while taking multiple psychiatric medications with topiramate.(2) |
EPRONTIA, QSYMIA, TOPAMAX, TOPIRAMATE, TOPIRAMATE ER, TOPIRAMATE ER SPRINKLE, TROKENDI XR |
The following contraindication information is available for GLYCOPYRROLATE (glycopyrrolate):
Drug contraindication overview.
No enhanced Contraindications information available for this drug.
No enhanced Contraindications information available for this drug.
There are 7 contraindications.
Absolute contraindication.
| Contraindication List |
|---|
| Glaucoma |
| Hemorrhagic shock |
| Paralytic ileus |
| Pyloroduodenal obstruction |
| Severe ulcerative colitis |
| Sjogren's syndrome |
| Toxic megacolon |
There are 10 severe contraindications.
Adequate patient monitoring is recommended for safer drug use.
| Severe List |
|---|
| Autonomic dysreflexia |
| Benign prostatic hyperplasia |
| Bladder outflow obstruction |
| Gastric ulcer |
| Gastrointestinal obstruction |
| Myasthenia gravis |
| Toxin-mediated diarrhea |
| Ulcerative colitis |
| Urinary retention |
| Urinary tract obstructive uropathy |
There are 2 moderate contraindications.
Clinically significant contraindication, where the condition can be managed or treated before the drug may be given safely.
| Moderate List |
|---|
| Chronic heart failure |
| Coronary artery disease |
The following adverse reaction information is available for GLYCOPYRROLATE (glycopyrrolate):
Adverse reaction overview.
No enhanced Common Adverse Effects information available for this drug.
No enhanced Common Adverse Effects information available for this drug.
There are 21 severe adverse reactions.
| More Frequent | Less Frequent |
|---|---|
| None. |
Bradycardia |
| Rare/Very Rare |
|---|
|
Abdominal distension Acute cognitive impairment Acute respiratory failure Anaphylaxis Cardiac arrest Cardiac arrhythmia Dehydration Heart block Heat stroke Hypersensitivity drug reaction Hypertension Hypotension Ileus Injection site sequelae Ocular hypertension Pneumonia Seizure disorder Skin rash Tachycardia Urticaria |
There are 44 less severe adverse reactions.
| More Frequent | Less Frequent |
|---|---|
|
Blurred vision Constipation Decreased sweating Drowsy Flushing Mydriasis Nasal congestion Palpitations Photophobia Vomiting Xerostomia |
Breast milk flow decreased Urinary hesitancy Urinary retention |
| Rare/Very Rare |
|---|
|
Acute abdominal pain Agitation Anticholinergic toxicity Cheilosis Cycloplegia Dizziness Dry nose Dry skin Dysgeusia Erectile dysfunction Fever Flatulence General weakness Headache disorder Impulse control disorder Injection site erythema Injection site pain Insomnia Irritability Loss of taste Mood changes Nausea Nervousness Nystagmus Pallor Pruritus of skin Sinusitis Sore throat Thick bronchial secretions Upper respiratory infection |
The following precautions are available for GLYCOPYRROLATE (glycopyrrolate):
No enhanced Pediatric Use information available for this drug.
Contraindicated
Severe Precaution
Management or Monitoring Precaution
Contraindicated
| None |
Severe Precaution
| None |
Management or Monitoring Precaution
| None |
No enhanced Pregnancy information available for this drug.
No enhanced Lactation information available for this drug.
No enhanced Geriatric Use information available for this drug.
The following prioritized warning is available for GLYCOPYRROLATE (glycopyrrolate):
No warning message for this drug.
No warning message for this drug.
The following icd codes are available for GLYCOPYRROLATE (glycopyrrolate)'s list of indications:
| Adjunct therapy for peptic ulcer disease | |
| K27 | Peptic ulcer, site unspecified |
| K27.0 | Acute peptic ulcer, site unspecified, with hemorrhage |
| K27.1 | Acute peptic ulcer, site unspecified, with perforation |
| K27.2 | Acute peptic ulcer, site unspecified, with both hemorrhage and perforation |
| K27.3 | Acute peptic ulcer, site unspecified, without hemorrhage or perforation |
| K27.4 | Chronic or unspecified peptic ulcer, site unspecified, with hemorrhage |
| K27.5 | Chronic or unspecified peptic ulcer, site unspecified, with perforation |
| K27.6 | Chronic or unspecified peptic ulcer, site unspecified, with both hemorrhage and perforation |
| K27.7 | Chronic peptic ulcer, site unspecified, without hemorrhage or perforation |
| K27.9 | Peptic ulcer, site unspecified, unspecified as acute or chronic, without hemorrhage or perforation |
| Vagal reflex bradycardia | |
| R00.1 | Bradycardia, unspecified |
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